Trade openness and energy consumption in sub-Saharan African countries: A multivariate panel Granger causality test
In this paper, the causal relationship between trade openness and energy consumption in 20 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries during the period 1990–2019 is examined. Trade openness is derived from three components, namely total trade, total exports, and total imports, all expressed as a percentage...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Energy Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484721009094 |