Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes
During the production of snake antivenoms, the animals used as immunoglobulin source are subjected to processes that could deteriorate their physical condition. Therefore, these conditions must be carefully designed and validated. In this work, the immunization and bleeding protocols applied to hors...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Toxicon: X |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000103 |
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| author | Rose Mary Huertas Mauricio Arguedas Juan Manuel Estrada Edwin Moscoso Deibid Umaña Gabriela Solano Mariángela Vargas Álvaro Segura Andrés Sánchez María Herrera Mauren Villalta Cynthia Arroyo-Portilla José María Gutiérrez Guillermo León |
| author_facet | Rose Mary Huertas Mauricio Arguedas Juan Manuel Estrada Edwin Moscoso Deibid Umaña Gabriela Solano Mariángela Vargas Álvaro Segura Andrés Sánchez María Herrera Mauren Villalta Cynthia Arroyo-Portilla José María Gutiérrez Guillermo León |
| author_sort | Rose Mary Huertas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During the production of snake antivenoms, the animals used as immunoglobulin source are subjected to processes that could deteriorate their physical condition. Therefore, these conditions must be carefully designed and validated. In this work, the immunization and bleeding protocols applied to horses used to produce the African polyspecific antivenom EchiTAb-plus-ICP were evaluated regarding their effects on the horses' health. The study focused on horses that had been previously immunized with venoms and then received periodic booster venom injections for antivenom production. It was found that the periodic immunization with 5 mg of a mixture of venoms of Bitis arietans, Echis ocellatus, Dendroaspis polylepis, and Naja nigricollis did not induce systemic signs of envenomation, and only caused mild swelling at the injection site, which did not evolve to abscesses, fistulas, or fibrosis. Three consecutive days of bleeding, collecting 6–8 L of blood per day, and self-transfusing the red blood cells (RBC) in the second and third days, did not induce evident cardiorespiratory alterations. However, this procedure caused significant reductions in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and total plasma protein values. Seven weeks after bleeding, these parameters were recovered, and horses were ready for the next immunization/bleeding cycle. The intravenous administration of equine albumin, at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight, increased the apparent plasma volume and the albumin concentration. However, this procedure induced early adverse reactions and transient alterations of the serum levels of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), thus suggesting some degree of hepatic injury. It was concluded that immunization and bleeding as described in this work do not cause significant clinical alterations in the horse's health, except for a transient drop in some hematological parameters. The albumin-based fluid therapy used does not hasten the recovery after bleeding but instead induces adverse events in the animals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T09:54:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ba066f997de246c683e4858809865b40 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2590-1710 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T09:54:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxicon: X |
| spelling | doaj.art-ba066f997de246c683e4858809865b402023-05-24T04:21:02ZengElsevierToxicon: X2590-17102023-06-0118100158Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakesRose Mary Huertas0Mauricio Arguedas1Juan Manuel Estrada2Edwin Moscoso3Deibid Umaña4Gabriela Solano5Mariángela Vargas6Álvaro Segura7Andrés Sánchez8María Herrera9Mauren Villalta10Cynthia Arroyo-Portilla11José María Gutiérrez12Guillermo León13Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaHospital de Equinos, Especies Mayores y Terapias Regenerativas, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaDepartamento de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Corresponding author.During the production of snake antivenoms, the animals used as immunoglobulin source are subjected to processes that could deteriorate their physical condition. Therefore, these conditions must be carefully designed and validated. In this work, the immunization and bleeding protocols applied to horses used to produce the African polyspecific antivenom EchiTAb-plus-ICP were evaluated regarding their effects on the horses' health. The study focused on horses that had been previously immunized with venoms and then received periodic booster venom injections for antivenom production. It was found that the periodic immunization with 5 mg of a mixture of venoms of Bitis arietans, Echis ocellatus, Dendroaspis polylepis, and Naja nigricollis did not induce systemic signs of envenomation, and only caused mild swelling at the injection site, which did not evolve to abscesses, fistulas, or fibrosis. Three consecutive days of bleeding, collecting 6–8 L of blood per day, and self-transfusing the red blood cells (RBC) in the second and third days, did not induce evident cardiorespiratory alterations. However, this procedure caused significant reductions in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and total plasma protein values. Seven weeks after bleeding, these parameters were recovered, and horses were ready for the next immunization/bleeding cycle. The intravenous administration of equine albumin, at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight, increased the apparent plasma volume and the albumin concentration. However, this procedure induced early adverse reactions and transient alterations of the serum levels of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), thus suggesting some degree of hepatic injury. It was concluded that immunization and bleeding as described in this work do not cause significant clinical alterations in the horse's health, except for a transient drop in some hematological parameters. The albumin-based fluid therapy used does not hasten the recovery after bleeding but instead induces adverse events in the animals.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000103AntivenomBleedingHorseImmunizationSnake venomHematological parameters |
| spellingShingle | Rose Mary Huertas Mauricio Arguedas Juan Manuel Estrada Edwin Moscoso Deibid Umaña Gabriela Solano Mariángela Vargas Álvaro Segura Andrés Sánchez María Herrera Mauren Villalta Cynthia Arroyo-Portilla José María Gutiérrez Guillermo León Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes Toxicon: X Antivenom Bleeding Horse Immunization Snake venom Hematological parameters |
| title | Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes |
| title_full | Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes |
| title_fullStr | Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes |
| title_short | Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes |
| title_sort | clinical effects of immunization bleeding and albumin based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom echitab plus icp towards venoms of african snakes |
| topic | Antivenom Bleeding Horse Immunization Snake venom Hematological parameters |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000103 |
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