Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Cruciferous vegetables (<i>Brassicaceae</i> family) are a rich source of phytochemicals, in particular glucosinolates (GLS) and their hydrolysis products, isothiocyanates and nitriles. These phytochemicals may act as chemosensors, attracting insects, such as <i>Pieris rapae</i&g...
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2024-01-01
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author | Irene-Dimitra Mesimeri Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou Maroula G. Kokotou |
author_facet | Irene-Dimitra Mesimeri Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou Maroula G. Kokotou |
author_sort | Irene-Dimitra Mesimeri |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Cruciferous vegetables (<i>Brassicaceae</i> family) are a rich source of phytochemicals, in particular glucosinolates (GLS) and their hydrolysis products, isothiocyanates and nitriles. These phytochemicals may act as chemosensors, attracting insects, such as <i>Pieris rapae</i>, and stimulating oviposition. There is a lack of information on the concentrations of isothiocyanates and nitriles when an insect affects a <i>Brassicaceae</i> plant. In the current study, some GLS hydrolysis products were determined in healthy and <i>Pieris rapae-</i>infected organic cultivated broccoli plants, as well as the infesting insects’ larvae, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study investigated the following phytochemicals: phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), erucin (ER), 3-(methylthio)propyl isothiocyanate (3MIC), and 1-cyano-4-(methylthio)butane (5MITN). All these components were quantified in the aerial and underground parts of the plants and were found in high concentrations in the roots. Among the phytochemicals studied, 5MITN presented the highest concentration in all the broccoli samples but was especially high in the stalks of the infected plants. Moreover, the analysis of a sample of <i>Pieris rapae</i> larvae, fed from the hosted broccoli, revealed the presence of PEITC and ER. These findings indicate that the infestation of broccoli with <i>Pieris rapae</i> may affect the distribution of PEITC, ER, 3MIC, and 5MITN throughout the plant. An extension of our study to conventional cultivated broccoli showed that the roots are indeed rich in GLS hydrolysis products. |
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spelling | doaj.art-ba199be2e1194defbffe8b331a0930062024-01-26T15:46:14ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402024-01-011211610.3390/chemosensors12010016Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryIrene-Dimitra Mesimeri0Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou1Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou2Maroula G. Kokotou3Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, GreeceDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, GreeceDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, GreeceDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, GreeceCruciferous vegetables (<i>Brassicaceae</i> family) are a rich source of phytochemicals, in particular glucosinolates (GLS) and their hydrolysis products, isothiocyanates and nitriles. These phytochemicals may act as chemosensors, attracting insects, such as <i>Pieris rapae</i>, and stimulating oviposition. There is a lack of information on the concentrations of isothiocyanates and nitriles when an insect affects a <i>Brassicaceae</i> plant. In the current study, some GLS hydrolysis products were determined in healthy and <i>Pieris rapae-</i>infected organic cultivated broccoli plants, as well as the infesting insects’ larvae, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study investigated the following phytochemicals: phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), erucin (ER), 3-(methylthio)propyl isothiocyanate (3MIC), and 1-cyano-4-(methylthio)butane (5MITN). All these components were quantified in the aerial and underground parts of the plants and were found in high concentrations in the roots. Among the phytochemicals studied, 5MITN presented the highest concentration in all the broccoli samples but was especially high in the stalks of the infected plants. Moreover, the analysis of a sample of <i>Pieris rapae</i> larvae, fed from the hosted broccoli, revealed the presence of PEITC and ER. These findings indicate that the infestation of broccoli with <i>Pieris rapae</i> may affect the distribution of PEITC, ER, 3MIC, and 5MITN throughout the plant. An extension of our study to conventional cultivated broccoli showed that the roots are indeed rich in GLS hydrolysis products.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/12/1/16<i>Brassicaceae</i>broccoliisothiocyanatesnitrile<i>Pieris rapae</i> |
spellingShingle | Irene-Dimitra Mesimeri Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou Maroula G. Kokotou Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Chemosensors <i>Brassicaceae</i> broccoli isothiocyanates nitrile <i>Pieris rapae</i> |
title | Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
title_full | Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
title_fullStr | Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
title_full_unstemmed | Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
title_short | Determination of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Erucin, Iberverin, and Erucin Nitrile Concentrations in Healthy and <i>Pieris rapae</i>-Infected Broccoli Tissues Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
title_sort | determination of phenethyl isothiocyanate erucin iberverin and erucin nitrile concentrations in healthy and i pieris rapae i infected broccoli tissues using gas chromatography mass spectrometry |
topic | <i>Brassicaceae</i> broccoli isothiocyanates nitrile <i>Pieris rapae</i> |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/12/1/16 |
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