Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i>
Truffles of the <i>Tuber</i> species are known as expensive foods, mainly for their distinct aroma and taste. This high price makes them a profitable target of food fraud, e.g., the misdeclaration of cheaper truffle species as expensive ones. While many studies investigated truffles on t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12999 |
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| author | Dennis Krösser Benjamin Dreyer Bente Siebels Hannah Voß Christoph Krisp Hartmut Schlüter |
| author_facet | Dennis Krösser Benjamin Dreyer Bente Siebels Hannah Voß Christoph Krisp Hartmut Schlüter |
| author_sort | Dennis Krösser |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Truffles of the <i>Tuber</i> species are known as expensive foods, mainly for their distinct aroma and taste. This high price makes them a profitable target of food fraud, e.g., the misdeclaration of cheaper truffle species as expensive ones. While many studies investigated truffles on the metabolomic level or the volatile organic compounds extruded by them, research at the proteome level as a phenotype determining basis is limited. In this study, a bottom-up proteomic approach based on LC-MS/MS measurements in data-independent acquisition mode was performed to analyze the truffle species <i>Tuber aestivum, Tuber albidum pico, Tuber indicum, Tuber magnatum,</i> and <i>Tuber melanosporum</i>, and a protein atlas of the investigated species was obtained. The yielded proteomic fingerprints are unique for each of the of the five truffle species and can now be used in case of suspected food fraud. First, a comprehensive spectral library containing 9000 proteins and 50,000 peptides was generated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS). Then, samples of the truffle species were analyzed in data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics mode yielding 2715 quantified proteins present in all truffle samples. Individual species were clearly distinguishable by principal component analysis (PCA). Quantitative proteome fingerprints were generated from 2066 ANOVA significant proteins, and side-by-side comparisons of truffles were done by T-tests. A further aim of this study was the annotation of functions for the identified proteins. For <i>Tuber magnatum</i> and <i>Tuber melanosporum</i> conclusive links to their superior aroma were found by enrichment of proteins responsible for sulfur-metabolic processes in comparison with other truffles. The obtained data in this study may serve as a reference library for food analysis laboratories in the future to tackle food fraud by misdeclaration of truffles. Further identified proteins with their corresponding abundance values in the different truffle species may serve as potential protein markers in the establishment of targeted analysis methods. Lastly, the obtained data may serve in the future as a basis for deciphering the biochemistry of truffles more deeply as well, when protein databases of the different truffle species will be more complete. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:52:37Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:52:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-bb4b7f44891044aea68027d5e6113e042023-11-23T02:31:33ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-11-0122231299910.3390/ijms222312999Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i>Dennis Krösser0Benjamin Dreyer1Bente Siebels2Hannah Voß3Christoph Krisp4Hartmut Schlüter5Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyTruffles of the <i>Tuber</i> species are known as expensive foods, mainly for their distinct aroma and taste. This high price makes them a profitable target of food fraud, e.g., the misdeclaration of cheaper truffle species as expensive ones. While many studies investigated truffles on the metabolomic level or the volatile organic compounds extruded by them, research at the proteome level as a phenotype determining basis is limited. In this study, a bottom-up proteomic approach based on LC-MS/MS measurements in data-independent acquisition mode was performed to analyze the truffle species <i>Tuber aestivum, Tuber albidum pico, Tuber indicum, Tuber magnatum,</i> and <i>Tuber melanosporum</i>, and a protein atlas of the investigated species was obtained. The yielded proteomic fingerprints are unique for each of the of the five truffle species and can now be used in case of suspected food fraud. First, a comprehensive spectral library containing 9000 proteins and 50,000 peptides was generated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS). Then, samples of the truffle species were analyzed in data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics mode yielding 2715 quantified proteins present in all truffle samples. Individual species were clearly distinguishable by principal component analysis (PCA). Quantitative proteome fingerprints were generated from 2066 ANOVA significant proteins, and side-by-side comparisons of truffles were done by T-tests. A further aim of this study was the annotation of functions for the identified proteins. For <i>Tuber magnatum</i> and <i>Tuber melanosporum</i> conclusive links to their superior aroma were found by enrichment of proteins responsible for sulfur-metabolic processes in comparison with other truffles. The obtained data in this study may serve as a reference library for food analysis laboratories in the future to tackle food fraud by misdeclaration of truffles. Further identified proteins with their corresponding abundance values in the different truffle species may serve as potential protein markers in the establishment of targeted analysis methods. Lastly, the obtained data may serve in the future as a basis for deciphering the biochemistry of truffles more deeply as well, when protein databases of the different truffle species will be more complete.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12999trufflesproteomesbottom-up proteomicsliquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS)data-independent acquisition (DIA)food fraud |
| spellingShingle | Dennis Krösser Benjamin Dreyer Bente Siebels Hannah Voß Christoph Krisp Hartmut Schlüter Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i> International Journal of Molecular Sciences truffles proteomes bottom-up proteomics liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) data-independent acquisition (DIA) food fraud |
| title | Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i> |
| title_full | Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i> |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i> |
| title_short | Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles <i>Tuber albidum pico</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. indicum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i>, and <i>T. melanosporum</i> |
| title_sort | investigation of the proteomes of the truffles i tuber albidum pico i i t aestivum i i t indicum i i t magnatum i and i t melanosporum i |
| topic | truffles proteomes bottom-up proteomics liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) data-independent acquisition (DIA) food fraud |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12999 |
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