Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A Review
Apples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/8/7/91 |
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| author | Maria Assunta Acquavia Raffaella Pascale Luca Foti Giuseppe Carlucci Laura Scrano Giuseppe Martelli Monica Brienza Donatella Coviello Giuliana Bianco Filomena Lelario |
| author_facet | Maria Assunta Acquavia Raffaella Pascale Luca Foti Giuseppe Carlucci Laura Scrano Giuseppe Martelli Monica Brienza Donatella Coviello Giuliana Bianco Filomena Lelario |
| author_sort | Maria Assunta Acquavia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Apples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available, with most of them focusing on their healthy properties’ evaluation. In general, the metabolic profile of apple fruits strongly correlates with most of their peculiar characteristics, such as taste, flavor and color. At the same time, many bioactive molecules could be identified as markers of a specific apple variety. Therefore, a complete description of the analytical protocols commonly used for apple metabolites’ characterization and quantification could be useful for researchers involved in the identification of new phytochemical compounds from different apple varieties. This review describes the analytical methods published in the last ten years, in order to analyze the most important primary and secondary metabolites of <i>Malus domestica</i> fruits. In detail, this review gives an account of the spectrophotometric, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. A discussion on the quantitative and qualitative analytical shortcomings for the identification of sugars, fatty acids, polyphenols, organic acids, carotenoids and terpenes found in apple fruits is reported. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:03:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bbadfbb9b7dc487080026d5241c57c92 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-8739 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:03:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Separations |
| spelling | doaj.art-bbadfbb9b7dc487080026d5241c57c922023-11-22T01:44:03ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392021-06-01879110.3390/separations8070091Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A ReviewMaria Assunta Acquavia0Raffaella Pascale1Luca Foti2Giuseppe Carlucci3Laura Scrano4Giuseppe Martelli5Monica Brienza6Donatella Coviello7Giuliana Bianco8Filomena Lelario9Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyGnosis by Lesaffre, Pisticci, 75015 Matera, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Arch., Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali, Via Lanera, 20-75100 Matera, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyCentro Direzionale, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Isola C/4, 80143 Napoli, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyApples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available, with most of them focusing on their healthy properties’ evaluation. In general, the metabolic profile of apple fruits strongly correlates with most of their peculiar characteristics, such as taste, flavor and color. At the same time, many bioactive molecules could be identified as markers of a specific apple variety. Therefore, a complete description of the analytical protocols commonly used for apple metabolites’ characterization and quantification could be useful for researchers involved in the identification of new phytochemical compounds from different apple varieties. This review describes the analytical methods published in the last ten years, in order to analyze the most important primary and secondary metabolites of <i>Malus domestica</i> fruits. In detail, this review gives an account of the spectrophotometric, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. A discussion on the quantitative and qualitative analytical shortcomings for the identification of sugars, fatty acids, polyphenols, organic acids, carotenoids and terpenes found in apple fruits is reported.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/8/7/91applemetabolitespolyphenolsmass spectrometry–based analytical methodsGC–MSLC–MS |
| spellingShingle | Maria Assunta Acquavia Raffaella Pascale Luca Foti Giuseppe Carlucci Laura Scrano Giuseppe Martelli Monica Brienza Donatella Coviello Giuliana Bianco Filomena Lelario Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A Review Separations apple metabolites polyphenols mass spectrometry–based analytical methods GC–MS LC–MS |
| title | Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A Review |
| title_full | Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A Review |
| title_short | Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) Fruits: A Review |
| title_sort | analytical methods for extraction and identification of primary and secondary metabolites of apple em malus domestica em fruits a review |
| topic | apple metabolites polyphenols mass spectrometry–based analytical methods GC–MS LC–MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/8/7/91 |
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