Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processes
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives (oxy-PAHs) were investigated in guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana) subjected to different drying methodologies. An innovative extraction method combined w...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Food Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772502222000701 |
| _version_ | 1811246061525663744 |
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| author | André Luiz Sampaio da Silva Junior Madson Moreira Nascimento Aldenor Gomes Santos Ivon Pinheiro Lôbo Raildo Mota de Jesus |
| author_facet | André Luiz Sampaio da Silva Junior Madson Moreira Nascimento Aldenor Gomes Santos Ivon Pinheiro Lôbo Raildo Mota de Jesus |
| author_sort | André Luiz Sampaio da Silva Junior |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives (oxy-PAHs) were investigated in guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana) subjected to different drying methodologies. An innovative extraction method combined with a miniaturized dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup procedure was developed for the determination of PACs concentration. Thirteen-eight guarana seed samples subjected to three different drying methodologies (sun drying, greenhouse drying, and alguidar furnace drying) were collected from different rural producers in the South Region of the State of Bahia, Brazil. Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios were used to evaluate the correlation between samples and the PACs and the main sources of contamination. According to the results, the average concentration of PACs found in sun-dried, greenhouse-dried, and alguidar-dried ranged from 1.30 µg kg−1 (coronene) to 114 µg kg−1 (fluorene), from 0.48 µg kg−1 (dibenzo[a,h]anthracene) to 128 µg kg−1 (fluorene), and from 6.0 µg kg−1 (anthracene) to 422 µg kg−1 (phenanthrene). Oxy-PAHs, such as 1,4-NQ was detected predominantly in sun-dried and greenhouse-dried samples at concentrations ranging from 30.7 µg kg−1 to 83.9 µg kg−1. Low molecular weight PAHs, such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene were found in most of the samples independently of drying methodology. However, high molecular weight PAHs, including the carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene was found predominately in alguidar-dried samples in concentrations higher than 20 µg kg−1. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T14:48:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bc78b937599a414a9aa974da4b54567e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2772-5022 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T14:48:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Food Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-bc78b937599a414a9aa974da4b54567e2022-12-22T03:28:35ZengElsevierApplied Food Research2772-50222022-06-0121100110Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processesAndré Luiz Sampaio da Silva Junior0Madson Moreira Nascimento1Aldenor Gomes Santos2Ivon Pinheiro Lôbo3Raildo Mota de Jesus4Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, BrazilInstituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, BrazilCentro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados – UFGD. Faculdade de ciências exatas e tecnologia - FACET/UFGD Unidade II: Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Dourados/MS, CEP: 79.804-970, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; Corresponding author.In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives (oxy-PAHs) were investigated in guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana) subjected to different drying methodologies. An innovative extraction method combined with a miniaturized dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup procedure was developed for the determination of PACs concentration. Thirteen-eight guarana seed samples subjected to three different drying methodologies (sun drying, greenhouse drying, and alguidar furnace drying) were collected from different rural producers in the South Region of the State of Bahia, Brazil. Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios were used to evaluate the correlation between samples and the PACs and the main sources of contamination. According to the results, the average concentration of PACs found in sun-dried, greenhouse-dried, and alguidar-dried ranged from 1.30 µg kg−1 (coronene) to 114 µg kg−1 (fluorene), from 0.48 µg kg−1 (dibenzo[a,h]anthracene) to 128 µg kg−1 (fluorene), and from 6.0 µg kg−1 (anthracene) to 422 µg kg−1 (phenanthrene). Oxy-PAHs, such as 1,4-NQ was detected predominantly in sun-dried and greenhouse-dried samples at concentrations ranging from 30.7 µg kg−1 to 83.9 µg kg−1. Low molecular weight PAHs, such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene were found in most of the samples independently of drying methodology. However, high molecular weight PAHs, including the carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene was found predominately in alguidar-dried samples in concentrations higher than 20 µg kg−1.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772502222000701Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsQuinonesGuarana seedsDried samplesGC-MS |
| spellingShingle | André Luiz Sampaio da Silva Junior Madson Moreira Nascimento Aldenor Gomes Santos Ivon Pinheiro Lôbo Raildo Mota de Jesus Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processes Applied Food Research Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Quinones Guarana seeds Dried samples GC-MS |
| title | Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processes |
| title_full | Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processes |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processes |
| title_short | Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds subjected to different drying processes |
| title_sort | occurrence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in guarana paullinia cupana seeds subjected to different drying processes |
| topic | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Quinones Guarana seeds Dried samples GC-MS |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772502222000701 |
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