Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo
The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10862 |
| _version_ | 1797487057049747456 |
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| author | Eirini Karamichali Pelagia Foka Georgia Papadopoulou Domniki Loukaki-Gkountara Konstantina Andresaki Ioannis Koskinas Urania Georgopoulou |
| author_facet | Eirini Karamichali Pelagia Foka Georgia Papadopoulou Domniki Loukaki-Gkountara Konstantina Andresaki Ioannis Koskinas Urania Georgopoulou |
| author_sort | Eirini Karamichali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:43:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bdb27dd6de9b475ebc84726430f20e1c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:43:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-bdb27dd6de9b475ebc84726430f20e1c2023-11-23T16:49:23ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-09-0123181086210.3390/ijms231810862Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and CargoEirini Karamichali0Pelagia Foka1Georgia Papadopoulou2Domniki Loukaki-Gkountara3Konstantina Andresaki4Ioannis Koskinas5Urania Georgopoulou6Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, GreeceMolecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, GreeceMolecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, GreeceMolecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, GreeceMolecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 11521 Athens, GreeceMolecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, GreeceThe development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10862viral hepatitisexosomesimmune responsequasi-envelopedimmunosuppressionHCC |
| spellingShingle | Eirini Karamichali Pelagia Foka Georgia Papadopoulou Domniki Loukaki-Gkountara Konstantina Andresaki Ioannis Koskinas Urania Georgopoulou Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo International Journal of Molecular Sciences viral hepatitis exosomes immune response quasi-enveloped immunosuppression HCC |
| title | Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo |
| title_full | Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo |
| title_fullStr | Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo |
| title_short | Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo |
| title_sort | hepatitis viruses control host immune responses by modifying the exosomal biogenesis pathway and cargo |
| topic | viral hepatitis exosomes immune response quasi-enveloped immunosuppression HCC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10862 |
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