Forward and Reverse Signaling Mediated by Transmembrane Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and TNF Receptor 2: Potential Roles in an Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine produced mainly by activated macrophages, lymphocytes and other cell types. Two distinct forms of TNF-α have been identified: soluble TNF-α (sTNF-α) and transmembrane TNF-α (mTNF-α). mTNF-α, which is the precursor of sTNF-α,...
Main Authors: | , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-11-01
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Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01675/full |