Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Butorphanol and Dexmedetomidine after Intranasal Administration in Broiler Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>)
Butorphanol and dexmedetomidine (DXM) can produce analgesia in birds. Intranasal (IN) route of drug administration is easier, and free of risks such as pain and tissue damage compared with intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous routes in bird species, including wild birds. Although previous stud...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/5/212 |