Toxicity of the Pesticides Imidacloprid, Difenoconazole and Glyphosate Alone and in Binary and Ternary Mixtures to Winter Honey Bees: Effects on Survival and Antioxidative Defenses

Toxicity of the Pesticides Imidacloprid, Difenoconazole and Glyphosate Alone and in Binary and Ternary Mixtures to Winter Honey Bees: Effects on Survival and Antioxidative Defenses

To explain losses of bees that could occur after the winter season, we studied the effects of the insecticide imidacloprid, the herbicide glyphosate and the fungicide difenoconazole, alone and in binary and ternary mixtures, on winter honey bees orally exposed to food containing these pesticides at...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Elisa Pal, Hanine Almasri, Laurianne Paris, Marie Diogon, Maryline Pioz, Marianne Cousin, Déborah Sené, Sylvie Tchamitchian, Daiana Antonia Tavares, Frédéric Delbac, Nicolas Blot, Jean-Luc Brunet, Luc P. Belzunces
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-02-01
Series:Toxics
Subjects:
honey bees
pesticide mixtures
physiological alterations
oxidative stress
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/3/104

Internet

https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/3/104

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