Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine Exposure
This research analyzes immunological response patterns to SARS-CoV-2 infection in blood and urine in individuals with serum cotinine-confirmed exposure to nicotine. Samples of blood and urine were obtained from a total of 80 patients admitted to hospital within 24 h of admission (t<sub>adm<...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/7/3714 |
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| author | Krzysztof Laudanski Mohamed A. Mahmoud Ahmed Sayed Ahmed Kaitlin Susztak Amal Mathew James Chen |
| author_facet | Krzysztof Laudanski Mohamed A. Mahmoud Ahmed Sayed Ahmed Kaitlin Susztak Amal Mathew James Chen |
| author_sort | Krzysztof Laudanski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research analyzes immunological response patterns to SARS-CoV-2 infection in blood and urine in individuals with serum cotinine-confirmed exposure to nicotine. Samples of blood and urine were obtained from a total of 80 patients admitted to hospital within 24 h of admission (t<sub>adm</sub>), 48 h later (t<sub>48h</sub>), and 7 days later (t<sub>7d</sub>) if patients remained hospitalized or at discharge. Serum cotinine above 3.75 ng/mL was deemed as biologically significant exposure to nicotine. Viral load was measured with serum SARS-CoV-2 S-spike protein. Titer of IgG, IgA, and IgM against S- and N-protein assessed specific antiviral responses. Cellular destruction was measured by high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1) serum levels and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp-60). Serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), and ferritin gauged non-specific inflammation. The immunological profile was assessed with O-link. Serum titers of IgA were lower at t<sub>adm</sub> in smokers vs. nonsmokers (<i>p</i> = 0.0397). IgM at t<sub>48h</sub> was lower in cotinine-positive individuals (<i>p</i> = 0.0188). IgG did not differ between cotinine-positive and negative individuals. HMGB-1 at admission was elevated in cotinine positive individuals. Patients with positive cotinine did not exhibit increased markers of non-specific inflammation and tissue destruction. The blood immunological profile had distinctive differences at admission (MIC A/B↓), 48 h (CCL19↓, MCP-3↓, CD28↑, CD8↓, IFNγ↓, IL-12↓, GZNB↓, MIC A/B↓) or 7 days (CD28↓) in the cotinine-positive group. The urine immunological profile showed a profile with minimal overlap with blood as the following markers being affected at t<sub>adm</sub> (CCL20↑, CXCL5↑, CD8↑, IL-12↑, MIC A/B↑, GZNH↑, TNFRS14↑), t<sub>48h</sub> (CCL20↓, TRAIL↓) and t<sub>7d</sub> (EGF↑, ADA↑) in patients with a cotinine-positive test. Here, we showed a distinctive immunological profile in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with confirmed exposure to nicotine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:43:45Z |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:43:45Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c6b067ac31f8474ab0a65a6d5bea6c8e2024-04-12T13:19:32ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-03-01257371410.3390/ijms25073714Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine ExposureKrzysztof Laudanski0Mohamed A. Mahmoud1Ahmed Sayed Ahmed2Kaitlin Susztak3Amal Mathew4James Chen5Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USADepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USADepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USADepartment of Nephrology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USASchool of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USAThis research analyzes immunological response patterns to SARS-CoV-2 infection in blood and urine in individuals with serum cotinine-confirmed exposure to nicotine. Samples of blood and urine were obtained from a total of 80 patients admitted to hospital within 24 h of admission (t<sub>adm</sub>), 48 h later (t<sub>48h</sub>), and 7 days later (t<sub>7d</sub>) if patients remained hospitalized or at discharge. Serum cotinine above 3.75 ng/mL was deemed as biologically significant exposure to nicotine. Viral load was measured with serum SARS-CoV-2 S-spike protein. Titer of IgG, IgA, and IgM against S- and N-protein assessed specific antiviral responses. Cellular destruction was measured by high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1) serum levels and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp-60). Serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), and ferritin gauged non-specific inflammation. The immunological profile was assessed with O-link. Serum titers of IgA were lower at t<sub>adm</sub> in smokers vs. nonsmokers (<i>p</i> = 0.0397). IgM at t<sub>48h</sub> was lower in cotinine-positive individuals (<i>p</i> = 0.0188). IgG did not differ between cotinine-positive and negative individuals. HMGB-1 at admission was elevated in cotinine positive individuals. Patients with positive cotinine did not exhibit increased markers of non-specific inflammation and tissue destruction. The blood immunological profile had distinctive differences at admission (MIC A/B↓), 48 h (CCL19↓, MCP-3↓, CD28↑, CD8↓, IFNγ↓, IL-12↓, GZNB↓, MIC A/B↓) or 7 days (CD28↓) in the cotinine-positive group. The urine immunological profile showed a profile with minimal overlap with blood as the following markers being affected at t<sub>adm</sub> (CCL20↑, CXCL5↑, CD8↑, IL-12↑, MIC A/B↑, GZNH↑, TNFRS14↑), t<sub>48h</sub> (CCL20↓, TRAIL↓) and t<sub>7d</sub> (EGF↑, ADA↑) in patients with a cotinine-positive test. Here, we showed a distinctive immunological profile in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with confirmed exposure to nicotine.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/7/3714SARS-CoV-2COVID-19nicotine exposurecotinineimmunological responsespike protein |
| spellingShingle | Krzysztof Laudanski Mohamed A. Mahmoud Ahmed Sayed Ahmed Kaitlin Susztak Amal Mathew James Chen Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine Exposure International Journal of Molecular Sciences SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 nicotine exposure cotinine immunological response spike protein |
| title | Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine Exposure |
| title_full | Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine Exposure |
| title_fullStr | Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine Exposure |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine Exposure |
| title_short | Immunological Signatures in Blood and Urine in 80 Individuals Hospitalized during the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic with Quantified Nicotine Exposure |
| title_sort | immunological signatures in blood and urine in 80 individuals hospitalized during the initial phase of covid 19 pandemic with quantified nicotine exposure |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 nicotine exposure cotinine immunological response spike protein |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/7/3714 |
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