Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics Approach
The rapid ripening of soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) fruits is owing to its high respiration rate. Several enzymes affect the fruit cell wall in this process, resulting in the depolymerization of pectin primarily in the homogalacturonan. The main group of enzymes affecting the pecti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/10/1150 |
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| author | Lilia Aurora Díaz-Rincón Rosendo Balois-Morales Pedro Ulises Bautista-Rosales Verónica Alhelí Ochoa-Jiménez Juan Esteban Bello-Lara Guillermo Berumen-Varela |
| author_facet | Lilia Aurora Díaz-Rincón Rosendo Balois-Morales Pedro Ulises Bautista-Rosales Verónica Alhelí Ochoa-Jiménez Juan Esteban Bello-Lara Guillermo Berumen-Varela |
| author_sort | Lilia Aurora Díaz-Rincón |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The rapid ripening of soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) fruits is owing to its high respiration rate. Several enzymes affect the fruit cell wall in this process, resulting in the depolymerization of pectin primarily in the homogalacturonan. The main group of enzymes affecting the pectin content of soursop fruits include polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PL), pectin methylesterase (PME), and PME inhibitors (PMEis). In this study, pectin-degrading enzymes were analyzed using bioinformatic tools to uncover the gaps in our knowledge of this fruit. In this context, 67 genes encoding PG, 33 PL, 58 PME, and 39 PMEi isoenzymes were found. These genes were categorized into several families based on the results of phylogenetic analysis. Regarding the analysis of gene expression, a total of 25 were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PG, while 3, 21, and 15 were found for PL, PME, and PMEis, respectively. Likewise, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs are involved in the modification of the cell wall, specifically in the degradation of pectin. On the other hand, gene co-expression networks revealed that the genes PG32 and PG35 affect the expression of PGs, as well as PL19 of the PL family, PME20, PME32, and PME35 of the PME family, and PMEi04 of the PMEi family. This suggests that they have a significant impact on the softening of soursop fruits. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:13:06Z |
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| id | doaj.art-c94570b7e7324ed1b2e7b9f2eb8524d6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:13:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-c94570b7e7324ed1b2e7b9f2eb8524d62023-11-19T16:40:04ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242023-10-01910115010.3390/horticulturae9101150Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics ApproachLilia Aurora Díaz-Rincón0Rosendo Balois-Morales1Pedro Ulises Bautista-Rosales2Verónica Alhelí Ochoa-Jiménez3Juan Esteban Bello-Lara4Guillermo Berumen-Varela5Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico-Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Km. 9, Xalisco 63780, MexicoPrograma de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico-Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Km. 9, Xalisco 63780, MexicoPrograma de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico-Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Km. 9, Xalisco 63780, MexicoUnidad de Tecnología de Alimentos-Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura SN, Tepic 63000, MexicoUnidad de Tecnología de Alimentos-Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura SN, Tepic 63000, MexicoPrograma de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico-Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Km. 9, Xalisco 63780, MexicoThe rapid ripening of soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) fruits is owing to its high respiration rate. Several enzymes affect the fruit cell wall in this process, resulting in the depolymerization of pectin primarily in the homogalacturonan. The main group of enzymes affecting the pectin content of soursop fruits include polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PL), pectin methylesterase (PME), and PME inhibitors (PMEis). In this study, pectin-degrading enzymes were analyzed using bioinformatic tools to uncover the gaps in our knowledge of this fruit. In this context, 67 genes encoding PG, 33 PL, 58 PME, and 39 PMEi isoenzymes were found. These genes were categorized into several families based on the results of phylogenetic analysis. Regarding the analysis of gene expression, a total of 25 were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PG, while 3, 21, and 15 were found for PL, PME, and PMEis, respectively. Likewise, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs are involved in the modification of the cell wall, specifically in the degradation of pectin. On the other hand, gene co-expression networks revealed that the genes PG32 and PG35 affect the expression of PGs, as well as PL19 of the PL family, PME20, PME32, and PME35 of the PME family, and PMEi04 of the PMEi family. This suggests that they have a significant impact on the softening of soursop fruits.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/10/1150bioinformaticshomogalacturonancell wallsofteningnetwork |
| spellingShingle | Lilia Aurora Díaz-Rincón Rosendo Balois-Morales Pedro Ulises Bautista-Rosales Verónica Alhelí Ochoa-Jiménez Juan Esteban Bello-Lara Guillermo Berumen-Varela Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics Approach Horticulturae bioinformatics homogalacturonan cell wall softening network |
| title | Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics Approach |
| title_full | Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics Approach |
| title_fullStr | Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics Approach |
| title_short | Pectin-Degrading Enzymes during Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Fruit Ripening: A Bioinformatics Approach |
| title_sort | pectin degrading enzymes during soursop i annona muricata i l fruit ripening a bioinformatics approach |
| topic | bioinformatics homogalacturonan cell wall softening network |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/10/1150 |
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