G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease
The carotid body (CB) is an important organ located at the carotid bifurcation that constantly monitors the blood supplying the brain. During hypoxia, the CB immediately triggers an alarm in the form of nerve impulses sent to the brain. This activates protective reflexes including hyperventilation,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/17/6012 |
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| author | Hayyaf S. Aldossary Abdulaziz A. Alzahrani Demitris Nathanael Eyas A. Alhuthail Clare J. Ray Nikolaos Batis Prem Kumar Andrew M. Coney Andrew P. Holmes |
| author_facet | Hayyaf S. Aldossary Abdulaziz A. Alzahrani Demitris Nathanael Eyas A. Alhuthail Clare J. Ray Nikolaos Batis Prem Kumar Andrew M. Coney Andrew P. Holmes |
| author_sort | Hayyaf S. Aldossary |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The carotid body (CB) is an important organ located at the carotid bifurcation that constantly monitors the blood supplying the brain. During hypoxia, the CB immediately triggers an alarm in the form of nerve impulses sent to the brain. This activates protective reflexes including hyperventilation, tachycardia and vasoconstriction, to ensure blood and oxygen delivery to the brain and vital organs. However, in certain conditions, including obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure and essential/spontaneous hypertension, the CB becomes hyperactive, promoting neurogenic hypertension and arrhythmia. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are very highly expressed in the CB and have key roles in mediating baseline CB activity and hypoxic sensitivity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the numerous GPCRs that are expressed in the CB, their mechanism of action and downstream effects. Furthermore, we will address how these GPCRs and signaling pathways may contribute to CB hyperactivity and cardiovascular and respiratory disease. GPCRs are a major target for drug discovery development. This information highlights specific GPCRs that could be targeted by novel or existing drugs to enable more personalized treatment of CB-mediated cardiovascular and respiratory disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:05:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c9aff0c5c6434cbb9a550478190dc94f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:05:15Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c9aff0c5c6434cbb9a550478190dc94f2023-11-20T10:51:03ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-08-012117601210.3390/ijms21176012G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory DiseaseHayyaf S. Aldossary0Abdulaziz A. Alzahrani1Demitris Nathanael2Eyas A. Alhuthail3Clare J. Ray4Nikolaos Batis5Prem Kumar6Andrew M. Coney7Andrew P. Holmes8Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKThe carotid body (CB) is an important organ located at the carotid bifurcation that constantly monitors the blood supplying the brain. During hypoxia, the CB immediately triggers an alarm in the form of nerve impulses sent to the brain. This activates protective reflexes including hyperventilation, tachycardia and vasoconstriction, to ensure blood and oxygen delivery to the brain and vital organs. However, in certain conditions, including obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure and essential/spontaneous hypertension, the CB becomes hyperactive, promoting neurogenic hypertension and arrhythmia. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are very highly expressed in the CB and have key roles in mediating baseline CB activity and hypoxic sensitivity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the numerous GPCRs that are expressed in the CB, their mechanism of action and downstream effects. Furthermore, we will address how these GPCRs and signaling pathways may contribute to CB hyperactivity and cardiovascular and respiratory disease. GPCRs are a major target for drug discovery development. This information highlights specific GPCRs that could be targeted by novel or existing drugs to enable more personalized treatment of CB-mediated cardiovascular and respiratory disease.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/17/6012G-proteinGPCRcarotid bodyhypoxiahypertensiondrug-discovery |
| spellingShingle | Hayyaf S. Aldossary Abdulaziz A. Alzahrani Demitris Nathanael Eyas A. Alhuthail Clare J. Ray Nikolaos Batis Prem Kumar Andrew M. Coney Andrew P. Holmes G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease International Journal of Molecular Sciences G-protein GPCR carotid body hypoxia hypertension drug-discovery |
| title | G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease |
| title_full | G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease |
| title_fullStr | G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease |
| title_short | G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease |
| title_sort | g protein coupled receptor gpcr signaling in the carotid body roles in hypoxia and cardiovascular and respiratory disease |
| topic | G-protein GPCR carotid body hypoxia hypertension drug-discovery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/17/6012 |
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