Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review
Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that elicit an anti-tumor response by stimulating immune system. Their use has improved the treatment of different types of cancer such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, lung, stomach, colon, liver, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, but severa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/15/5161 |
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| author | Nicia I. Profili Roberto Castelli Antonio Gidaro Alessandro Merella Roberto Manetti Giuseppe Palmieri Margherita Maioli Alessandro P. Delitala |
| author_facet | Nicia I. Profili Roberto Castelli Antonio Gidaro Alessandro Merella Roberto Manetti Giuseppe Palmieri Margherita Maioli Alessandro P. Delitala |
| author_sort | Nicia I. Profili |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that elicit an anti-tumor response by stimulating immune system. Their use has improved the treatment of different types of cancer such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, lung, stomach, colon, liver, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, but several adverse events have been reported. Although the etiology of these effects is not completely understood, an uncontrolled activation of the immune system has been postulated. Indeed, some studies showed a cross reactivity of T cells, which acted against tumor antigens as well as antigens in the tissues of patients who developed immune-related adverse events. Despite the known possibility of developing immune-related adverse events, early diagnosis, monitoring during therapy, and treatment are fundamental for the best supportive care and administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The aim of this review is to guide the clinician in early diagnosis, management, and treatment of the endocrinological adverse effects in the major endocrine glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, endocrine pancreas, and parathyroid). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:23:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ca9cdd7e831e4c378875f28104f40dc9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:23:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ca9cdd7e831e4c378875f28104f40dc92023-11-18T23:10:11ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832023-08-011215516110.3390/jcm12155161Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative ReviewNicia I. Profili0Roberto Castelli1Antonio Gidaro2Alessandro Merella3Roberto Manetti4Giuseppe Palmieri5Margherita Maioli6Alessandro P. Delitala7Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Biochemical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Biochemical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyCheckpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that elicit an anti-tumor response by stimulating immune system. Their use has improved the treatment of different types of cancer such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, lung, stomach, colon, liver, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, but several adverse events have been reported. Although the etiology of these effects is not completely understood, an uncontrolled activation of the immune system has been postulated. Indeed, some studies showed a cross reactivity of T cells, which acted against tumor antigens as well as antigens in the tissues of patients who developed immune-related adverse events. Despite the known possibility of developing immune-related adverse events, early diagnosis, monitoring during therapy, and treatment are fundamental for the best supportive care and administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The aim of this review is to guide the clinician in early diagnosis, management, and treatment of the endocrinological adverse effects in the major endocrine glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, endocrine pancreas, and parathyroid).https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/15/5161immune checkpoint inhibitorsendocrine side effectsPD-1PD-L1CTLA-4thyroid |
| spellingShingle | Nicia I. Profili Roberto Castelli Antonio Gidaro Alessandro Merella Roberto Manetti Giuseppe Palmieri Margherita Maioli Alessandro P. Delitala Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review Journal of Clinical Medicine immune checkpoint inhibitors endocrine side effects PD-1 PD-L1 CTLA-4 thyroid |
| title | Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review |
| title_full | Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review |
| title_fullStr | Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review |
| title_short | Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review |
| title_sort | endocrine side effects in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors a narrative review |
| topic | immune checkpoint inhibitors endocrine side effects PD-1 PD-L1 CTLA-4 thyroid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/15/5161 |
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