<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components
This study demonstrates that the fermentation of <i>Tetragonia tetragonioides</i> (<i>T. tetragonioides</i>) by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (<i>B. subtilis</i>) subsp. <i>spizizenii</i> enhances its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-moi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Fermentation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/9/800 |
| _version_ | 1797580179453771776 |
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| author | Hyun Kang Jin-Woo Hwang Sung-Gyu Lee |
| author_facet | Hyun Kang Jin-Woo Hwang Sung-Gyu Lee |
| author_sort | Hyun Kang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study demonstrates that the fermentation of <i>Tetragonia tetragonioides</i> (<i>T. tetragonioides</i>) by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (<i>B. subtilis</i>) subsp. <i>spizizenii</i> enhances its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-moisturizing activities. Fermented <i>T. tetragonioides</i> extracts (FTEs) showed a significant increase (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of approximately 1.3 to 3.07 times in their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and vanillic acid content compared to pre-fermentation <i>T. tetragonioides</i> extracts (TEs). Additionally, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities were significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in FTEs than in TEs, showing an increase of about 1.25 to 1.64 times. The anti-inflammatory effects, evaluated through the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), revealed that FTEs exhibited significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) NO inhibition activity at less than half the concentration of TEs. It is particularly noteworthy that the FTE at 200 μg/mL significantly suppressed the expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins. In HaCaT cells, FTEs substantially (<i>p</i> < 0.001) increased the mRNA expression of filaggrin (FLG), hyaluronan synthase (HAS)-1, and HAS-3, indicating improved skin protection and moisturization. In conclusion, this study confirms that <i>T. tetragonioides</i>’ antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-moisturizing activities are enhanced by <i>B. subtilis</i> fermentation, suggesting the potential of FTEs as a cosmeceutical ingredient. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:46:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cab3563d047c47f3a071527fd2bfdd2b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5637 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:46:39Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fermentation |
| spelling | doaj.art-cab3563d047c47f3a071527fd2bfdd2b2023-11-19T10:38:42ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372023-08-019980010.3390/fermentation9090800<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant ComponentsHyun Kang0Jin-Woo Hwang1Sung-Gyu Lee2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Republic of KoreaThis study demonstrates that the fermentation of <i>Tetragonia tetragonioides</i> (<i>T. tetragonioides</i>) by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (<i>B. subtilis</i>) subsp. <i>spizizenii</i> enhances its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-moisturizing activities. Fermented <i>T. tetragonioides</i> extracts (FTEs) showed a significant increase (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of approximately 1.3 to 3.07 times in their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and vanillic acid content compared to pre-fermentation <i>T. tetragonioides</i> extracts (TEs). Additionally, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities were significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in FTEs than in TEs, showing an increase of about 1.25 to 1.64 times. The anti-inflammatory effects, evaluated through the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), revealed that FTEs exhibited significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) NO inhibition activity at less than half the concentration of TEs. It is particularly noteworthy that the FTE at 200 μg/mL significantly suppressed the expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins. In HaCaT cells, FTEs substantially (<i>p</i> < 0.001) increased the mRNA expression of filaggrin (FLG), hyaluronan synthase (HAS)-1, and HAS-3, indicating improved skin protection and moisturization. In conclusion, this study confirms that <i>T. tetragonioides</i>’ antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-moisturizing activities are enhanced by <i>B. subtilis</i> fermentation, suggesting the potential of FTEs as a cosmeceutical ingredient.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/9/800<i>Tetragonia tetragonioides</i>hyaluronan synthasesfermentationanti-inflammatoryskin moisture |
| spellingShingle | Hyun Kang Jin-Woo Hwang Sung-Gyu Lee <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components Fermentation <i>Tetragonia tetragonioides</i> hyaluronan synthases fermentation anti-inflammatory skin moisture |
| title | <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components |
| title_full | <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components |
| title_fullStr | <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components |
| title_short | <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components |
| title_sort | i bacillus subtilis i fermentation augments the anti inflammatory and skin moisture improvement activities of i tetragonia tetragonoides i through the upregulation of antioxidant components |
| topic | <i>Tetragonia tetragonioides</i> hyaluronan synthases fermentation anti-inflammatory skin moisture |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/9/800 |
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