| Summary: | Legumes are a multipurpose crop species, with a great economic value, which, worldwide, are commonly cultivated for human food, livestock fodder, industrial raw materials, and soil health enhancement. Over the last few decades, numerous research projects have been conducted for the genetic improvements of legumes, in order to meet the Sustainable Development Goals of 2015–2030. Remarkable progress has been made in legume genetics, genomics, and breeding. The first references to the genome of legume plants were published in 2010, and these were the complete draft genome sequences of <i>Glycine max</i>. The chromosome scale high-quality genome assembly and annotations are available for many legume species today, including <i>Glycine max; Lotus japonicus</i>; <i>Medicago ruthenica</i> (L.); <i>Medicago truncatula</i>; <i>Phaseolus lunatus</i>; <i>Mucuna pruriens</i>; <i>Vicia sativa</i>; <i>Trifolium pratense</i>; <i>Lupinus angustifolius</i>; <i>Cajanus cajan</i>; <i>Vigna radiata</i> ssp.; and <i>Cicer arietinum</i>. Large-scale transcriptomic, genotyping, and phenotyping data have been generated from this diverse panel of legume cultivars for their varietal improvements. This Special Issue presents a collection of a variety of articles that cover the recent progress that has been made in legume genetics, genomics, and breeding. The authors have addressed the applications of phenotypic and genotypic diversity for the selection of the best cultivars; of morphological traits for the selection of the best local variety, the estimation of the agronomic performances of resistant and susceptible cultivars; the nutritional characteristics of the seed protein; genome-wide association studies on agronomic traits and isolation; and the characterization and function studies of many agronomically important genes.
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