Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018
Large epidemiologic studies suggest that diets rich in total or specific carotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of many chronic diseases. However, there are few studies characterizing trends in dietary carotenoid sources and intake among subgroups of the US adult population in the previous d...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/14/1/13 |
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| author | Kijoon Kim Matthew P. Madore Ock K. Chun |
| author_facet | Kijoon Kim Matthew P. Madore Ock K. Chun |
| author_sort | Kijoon Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Large epidemiologic studies suggest that diets rich in total or specific carotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of many chronic diseases. However, there are few studies characterizing trends in dietary carotenoid sources and intake among subgroups of the US adult population in the previous decade. This study aimed to assess these trends using data from 22,339 adults who participated in NHANES 2009–2018 cycles. Carotenoid intake and major food sources were calculated by linking food consumption data from the 24 h diet recall to an FNDDS 2009–2018 and the USDA’s National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (Release 28). Among US adults, mean (SE) dietary carotenoid intake was 9687.1 (158.0) mcg/day, and total intake was highest in men, non-smokers, moderate alcohol consumers, supplement users, and those with normal BMI, a PIR ≥ 1.85, and whose physical activity level was considered vigorous (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Carotenoid intake has gradually decreased over the past decade (<i>p</i>-trend: 0.097), especially among White adults (<i>p</i>-trend < 0.05), males (<i>p</i>-trend: 0.062), and those with a PIR of 1.0–1.3 (<i>p</i>-trend: 0.051), as have estimated rates of vitamin A adequacy. Tomatoes, carrots, and spinach were major food sources of carotenoids, and consumption of carrots and tomatoes decreased, while the consumption of lettuce, spinach, and salsa increased from 2009 to 2018. Our results warrant further studies investigating the consequences of the decreased tendencies of carotenoid intake on chronic disease risk, especially focusing on population subgroups exhibiting low or decreasing trends of carotenoid intake status. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:51:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cc3823d7fd37455390654d50d08c75d9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:51:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-cc3823d7fd37455390654d50d08c75d92024-01-29T14:04:35ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892023-12-011411310.3390/metabo14010013Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018Kijoon Kim0Matthew P. Madore1Ock K. Chun2Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USADepartment of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USADepartment of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USALarge epidemiologic studies suggest that diets rich in total or specific carotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of many chronic diseases. However, there are few studies characterizing trends in dietary carotenoid sources and intake among subgroups of the US adult population in the previous decade. This study aimed to assess these trends using data from 22,339 adults who participated in NHANES 2009–2018 cycles. Carotenoid intake and major food sources were calculated by linking food consumption data from the 24 h diet recall to an FNDDS 2009–2018 and the USDA’s National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (Release 28). Among US adults, mean (SE) dietary carotenoid intake was 9687.1 (158.0) mcg/day, and total intake was highest in men, non-smokers, moderate alcohol consumers, supplement users, and those with normal BMI, a PIR ≥ 1.85, and whose physical activity level was considered vigorous (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Carotenoid intake has gradually decreased over the past decade (<i>p</i>-trend: 0.097), especially among White adults (<i>p</i>-trend < 0.05), males (<i>p</i>-trend: 0.062), and those with a PIR of 1.0–1.3 (<i>p</i>-trend: 0.051), as have estimated rates of vitamin A adequacy. Tomatoes, carrots, and spinach were major food sources of carotenoids, and consumption of carrots and tomatoes decreased, while the consumption of lettuce, spinach, and salsa increased from 2009 to 2018. Our results warrant further studies investigating the consequences of the decreased tendencies of carotenoid intake on chronic disease risk, especially focusing on population subgroups exhibiting low or decreasing trends of carotenoid intake status.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/14/1/13carotenoidsvegetablesphytochemicalsfruitvitamin A adequacy |
| spellingShingle | Kijoon Kim Matthew P. Madore Ock K. Chun Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018 Metabolites carotenoids vegetables phytochemicals fruit vitamin A adequacy |
| title | Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018 |
| title_full | Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018 |
| title_fullStr | Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018 |
| title_short | Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009–2018 |
| title_sort | changes in intake and major food sources of carotenoids among u s adults between 2009 2018 |
| topic | carotenoids vegetables phytochemicals fruit vitamin A adequacy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/14/1/13 |
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