Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil
Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that can be produced through esterification as well as transesterification reactions. This work presents a series of zirconia catalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method on various concentrations in acidic (H2SO4 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M) and basic (NaOH 1, 2, 3, a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Indonesian Journal of Chemistry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijc/article/view/65404 |
| _version_ | 1819274646752591872 |
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| author | Sri Setyaningsih Maisari Utami Akhmad Syoufian Eddy Heraldy Nasih Widya Yuwono Karna Wijaya |
| author_facet | Sri Setyaningsih Maisari Utami Akhmad Syoufian Eddy Heraldy Nasih Widya Yuwono Karna Wijaya |
| author_sort | Sri Setyaningsih |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that can be produced through esterification as well as transesterification reactions. This work presents a series of zirconia catalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method on various concentrations in acidic (H2SO4 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M) and basic (NaOH 1, 2, 3, and 4 M) solution to get a catalyst with the highest acidity or basicity. Characterizations of the catalysts were performed by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, surface area analysis, acidity, and basicity test. The most active acid catalyst activity was evaluated for the esterification of low-grade crude palm oil (LGCPO), while the solid base catalyst was utilized for the transesterification reaction. The solid acid catalyst of 0.7 M SO42–/ZrO2 60 °C; 24 h was denoted as the most active acid catalyst with a total acidity of 1.86 mmol g–1, while 4 M Na2O/ZrO2 60 °C; 24 h catalyst was considered as the solid base catalyst with the highest total basicity of 3.75 ± 0.12 mmol g–1. The optimized acid catalyst exhibited a 31 times higher acidity than commercial ZrO2. The concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) decreased to 68.87% in the esterification reaction. The solid base catalyst of 4 M Na2O/ZrO2 60 °C; 24 h successfully converted LGCPO into biodiesel by 68.55% through a transesterification reaction. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T23:11:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ce0ad7ce5ded41bcb77d2797dca45fae |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1411-9420 2460-1578 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T23:11:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Indonesian Journal of Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj.art-ce0ad7ce5ded41bcb77d2797dca45fae2022-12-21T17:26:39ZengDepartment of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndonesian Journal of Chemistry1411-94202460-15782022-01-01221173410.22146/ijc.6540431221Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm OilSri Setyaningsih0Maisari Utami1Akhmad Syoufian2Eddy Heraldy3Nasih Widya Yuwono4Karna Wijaya5Department of Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Islam Lamongan, Jl. Veteran No. 53A, Lamongan 62211, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Jl. Kaliurang km. 14, Yogyakarta 55584, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, PO BOX BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, PO BOX BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaBiodiesel is a renewable energy source that can be produced through esterification as well as transesterification reactions. This work presents a series of zirconia catalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method on various concentrations in acidic (H2SO4 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M) and basic (NaOH 1, 2, 3, and 4 M) solution to get a catalyst with the highest acidity or basicity. Characterizations of the catalysts were performed by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, surface area analysis, acidity, and basicity test. The most active acid catalyst activity was evaluated for the esterification of low-grade crude palm oil (LGCPO), while the solid base catalyst was utilized for the transesterification reaction. The solid acid catalyst of 0.7 M SO42–/ZrO2 60 °C; 24 h was denoted as the most active acid catalyst with a total acidity of 1.86 mmol g–1, while 4 M Na2O/ZrO2 60 °C; 24 h catalyst was considered as the solid base catalyst with the highest total basicity of 3.75 ± 0.12 mmol g–1. The optimized acid catalyst exhibited a 31 times higher acidity than commercial ZrO2. The concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) decreased to 68.87% in the esterification reaction. The solid base catalyst of 4 M Na2O/ZrO2 60 °C; 24 h successfully converted LGCPO into biodiesel by 68.55% through a transesterification reaction.https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijc/article/view/65404so42–/zro2 solid acid catalystna2o/zro2 solid base catalystesterificationtransesterificationbiodiesel |
| spellingShingle | Sri Setyaningsih Maisari Utami Akhmad Syoufian Eddy Heraldy Nasih Widya Yuwono Karna Wijaya Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil Indonesian Journal of Chemistry so42–/zro2 solid acid catalyst na2o/zro2 solid base catalyst esterification transesterification biodiesel |
| title | Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil |
| title_full | Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil |
| title_short | Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil |
| title_sort | synthesis of so sub 4 sub sup 2 sup zro sub 2 sub solid acid and na sub 2 sub o zro sub 2 sub solid base catalysts using hydrothermal method for biodiesel production from low grade crude palm oil |
| topic | so42–/zro2 solid acid catalyst na2o/zro2 solid base catalyst esterification transesterification biodiesel |
| url | https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijc/article/view/65404 |
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