Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permane...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/778 |
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| author | Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo Regiane Stafim da Cunha Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho Jessica Verônica da Silva Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral Thyago Proença de Moraes Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen |
| author_facet | Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo Regiane Stafim da Cunha Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho Jessica Verônica da Silva Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral Thyago Proença de Moraes Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen |
| author_sort | Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permanent damage to the renal tissue, and mainly occurs in CRS types 3 and 4, thus compromising renal function directly leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or subsequent proteinuria. With this decrease in GFR, patients may need renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD is a high-quality and home-based dialysis therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is based on the semi-permeable characteristics of the peritoneum. These patients are exposed to factors which may cause several modifications on the peritoneal membrane. The presence of UT may harm the peritoneum membrane, which in turn can lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by almost all cell types and contain lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, membrane proteins, and cytosolic components from their cell origin. Our research group previously demonstrated that the EVs can be related to endothelial dysfunction and are formed when UTs are in contact with the endothelial monolayer. In this scenario, this review explores the mechanisms of EV formation in CRS, uremia, the peritoneum, and as potential biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:00:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ce8ae3686b744d9b93911eb67e0b778a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:00:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-ce8ae3686b744d9b93911eb67e0b778a2023-11-23T01:48:56ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-11-01131177810.3390/toxins13110778Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal DialysisCarolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo0Regiane Stafim da Cunha1Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho2Jessica Verônica da Silva3Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral4Thyago Proença de Moraes5Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos6Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen7Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, BrazilExperimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, BrazilLaboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, BrazilLaboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, BrazilGraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, BrazilGraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, BrazilLaboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, BrazilExperimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, BrazilCardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permanent damage to the renal tissue, and mainly occurs in CRS types 3 and 4, thus compromising renal function directly leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or subsequent proteinuria. With this decrease in GFR, patients may need renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD is a high-quality and home-based dialysis therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is based on the semi-permeable characteristics of the peritoneum. These patients are exposed to factors which may cause several modifications on the peritoneal membrane. The presence of UT may harm the peritoneum membrane, which in turn can lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by almost all cell types and contain lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, membrane proteins, and cytosolic components from their cell origin. Our research group previously demonstrated that the EVs can be related to endothelial dysfunction and are formed when UTs are in contact with the endothelial monolayer. In this scenario, this review explores the mechanisms of EV formation in CRS, uremia, the peritoneum, and as potential biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/778extracellular vesiclescardiorenal syndromeperitoneal dialysis |
| spellingShingle | Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo Regiane Stafim da Cunha Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho Jessica Verônica da Silva Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral Thyago Proença de Moraes Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis Toxins extracellular vesicles cardiorenal syndrome peritoneal dialysis |
| title | Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis |
| title_full | Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis |
| title_fullStr | Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis |
| title_short | Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis |
| title_sort | extracellular vesicles and their relationship with the heart kidney axis uremia and peritoneal dialysis |
| topic | extracellular vesicles cardiorenal syndrome peritoneal dialysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/778 |
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