Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure
We determined the concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in meat, fish and seafood, cereal products, beverages, cooking oil, and vegetables (n = 121) collected from Albany, New York, United States. In addition, food packaging (n = 24) and animal feed (n = 12) were analyzed...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2019-09-01
|
| Series: | Environment International |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019315235 |
| _version_ | 1819021679738748928 |
|---|---|
| author | Hongkai Zhu Kurunthachalam Kannan |
| author_facet | Hongkai Zhu Kurunthachalam Kannan |
| author_sort | Hongkai Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We determined the concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in meat, fish and seafood, cereal products, beverages, cooking oil, and vegetables (n = 121) collected from Albany, New York, United States. In addition, food packaging (n = 24) and animal feed (n = 12) were analyzed to determine the sources of melamine and its derivatives in foods. Among the six categories of foods analyzed, median concentrations of ∑melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) in meat (23.6 ng/g fresh weight; fw) and cereal products (20.9 ng/g fw) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in other food categories (<5.03 ng/g fw). Cyanuric acid and melamine were the major compounds, accounting for 51% and 26% of the total ∑melamine concentrations, respectively. ∑melamine was found ubiquitously in food packaging (median: 36.2 ng/g fw) and animal feed (56.5 ng/g fw), which are two important sources of melamine found in foodstuffs. The median estimated daily dietary intakes (including concentrations reported for dairy products in our previous study) of melamine and cyanuric acid were in the ranges of 13.4–72.7 and 75.4–347 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, for various age groups. Dairy products, cereal products, and meat were major sources of dietary melamine (~76%) and cyanuric acid (~95%) exposure. The calculated hazard quotients for dietary exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid were well below 1.0, which suggested minimal risk from current exposures. Keywords: Foodstuff, Melamine, Cyanuric acid, Dietary intake, Exposure assessment Dairy |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:10:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-cf73f8dfa62748919bc6f1fb4231b5b3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:10:56Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-cf73f8dfa62748919bc6f1fb4231b5b32022-12-21T19:16:28ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202019-09-01130Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposureHongkai Zhu0Kurunthachalam Kannan1Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United StatesWadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author at: Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.We determined the concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in meat, fish and seafood, cereal products, beverages, cooking oil, and vegetables (n = 121) collected from Albany, New York, United States. In addition, food packaging (n = 24) and animal feed (n = 12) were analyzed to determine the sources of melamine and its derivatives in foods. Among the six categories of foods analyzed, median concentrations of ∑melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) in meat (23.6 ng/g fresh weight; fw) and cereal products (20.9 ng/g fw) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in other food categories (<5.03 ng/g fw). Cyanuric acid and melamine were the major compounds, accounting for 51% and 26% of the total ∑melamine concentrations, respectively. ∑melamine was found ubiquitously in food packaging (median: 36.2 ng/g fw) and animal feed (56.5 ng/g fw), which are two important sources of melamine found in foodstuffs. The median estimated daily dietary intakes (including concentrations reported for dairy products in our previous study) of melamine and cyanuric acid were in the ranges of 13.4–72.7 and 75.4–347 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, for various age groups. Dairy products, cereal products, and meat were major sources of dietary melamine (~76%) and cyanuric acid (~95%) exposure. The calculated hazard quotients for dietary exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid were well below 1.0, which suggested minimal risk from current exposures. Keywords: Foodstuff, Melamine, Cyanuric acid, Dietary intake, Exposure assessment Dairyhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019315235 |
| spellingShingle | Hongkai Zhu Kurunthachalam Kannan Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure Environment International |
| title | Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure |
| title_full | Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure |
| title_fullStr | Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure |
| title_full_unstemmed | Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure |
| title_short | Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure |
| title_sort | melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the united states and their implications for human exposure |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019315235 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hongkaizhu melamineandcyanuricacidinfoodstuffsfromtheunitedstatesandtheirimplicationsforhumanexposure AT kurunthachalamkannan melamineandcyanuricacidinfoodstuffsfromtheunitedstatesandtheirimplicationsforhumanexposure |