In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblasts
Abstract Background Rare earth minerals of the lanthanide series are widely used in the field of medical and clinical application. Gadolinium (Gd), the most preferred rare earth mineral is frequently used as magnets, superconductors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Increasing pro...
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BMC
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Genes and Environment |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41021-020-00161-3 |
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| author | Ee Ling Siew Ahmad Faizzudin Farris Noramiwati Rashid Kok Meng Chan Nor Fadilah Rajab |
| author_facet | Ee Ling Siew Ahmad Faizzudin Farris Noramiwati Rashid Kok Meng Chan Nor Fadilah Rajab |
| author_sort | Ee Ling Siew |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Rare earth minerals of the lanthanide series are widely used in the field of medical and clinical application. Gadolinium (Gd), the most preferred rare earth mineral is frequently used as magnets, superconductors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Increasing production of gadolinium waste, known potent toxicity of this element and lack of information on its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prompts health risk assessment on gadolinium. In this study, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Gadolinium (III) chloride (GdCl3) were investigated using MTT assay, Alkaline Comet assay and Micronucleus assay, respectively. Results Our results demonstrated that the viability of GdCl3 treated V79–4 cells was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 1.0 mM after 24 h of incubation. However, no IC50 values were obtained. GdCl3 showed no significant (p > 0.05) DNA damage both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. However, it induced significant (p < 0.05) clastogenic effect in V79–4 cells at 1.0 mM in the absence of metabolic activation. The clastogenic effect was also seen in the presence of metabolic activation at 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM. Conclusion Taken together, our study indicated that GdCl3 had no cytotoxic effect and does not induce DNA damage. However, this study supports that GdCl3 is a probable clastogen. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of free gadolinium ion (Gd3+) for risk assessment on human health. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1880-7062 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T17:40:22Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Genes and Environment |
| spelling | doaj.art-d08758051c3b4d32b1577d51609280e72022-12-21T22:52:52ZengBMCGenes and Environment1880-70622020-06-014211710.1186/s41021-020-00161-3In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblastsEe Ling Siew0Ahmad Faizzudin Farris1Noramiwati Rashid2Kok Meng Chan3Nor Fadilah Rajab4Biocompatibility and Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBiomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBiocompatibility and Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaEnvironmental Health & Industry Safety Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBiocompatibility and Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaAbstract Background Rare earth minerals of the lanthanide series are widely used in the field of medical and clinical application. Gadolinium (Gd), the most preferred rare earth mineral is frequently used as magnets, superconductors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Increasing production of gadolinium waste, known potent toxicity of this element and lack of information on its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prompts health risk assessment on gadolinium. In this study, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Gadolinium (III) chloride (GdCl3) were investigated using MTT assay, Alkaline Comet assay and Micronucleus assay, respectively. Results Our results demonstrated that the viability of GdCl3 treated V79–4 cells was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 1.0 mM after 24 h of incubation. However, no IC50 values were obtained. GdCl3 showed no significant (p > 0.05) DNA damage both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. However, it induced significant (p < 0.05) clastogenic effect in V79–4 cells at 1.0 mM in the absence of metabolic activation. The clastogenic effect was also seen in the presence of metabolic activation at 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM. Conclusion Taken together, our study indicated that GdCl3 had no cytotoxic effect and does not induce DNA damage. However, this study supports that GdCl3 is a probable clastogen. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of free gadolinium ion (Gd3+) for risk assessment on human health.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41021-020-00161-3ClastogenicityCytotoxicityDNA damageGadolinium (III) chloride |
| spellingShingle | Ee Ling Siew Ahmad Faizzudin Farris Noramiwati Rashid Kok Meng Chan Nor Fadilah Rajab In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblasts Genes and Environment Clastogenicity Cytotoxicity DNA damage Gadolinium (III) chloride |
| title | In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblasts |
| title_full | In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblasts |
| title_fullStr | In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblasts |
| title_full_unstemmed | In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblasts |
| title_short | In vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium (III) chloride in V79–4 fibroblasts |
| title_sort | in vitro toxicological assessment of gadolinium iii chloride in v79 4 fibroblasts |
| topic | Clastogenicity Cytotoxicity DNA damage Gadolinium (III) chloride |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41021-020-00161-3 |
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