Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy
Hypoxia is a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, and is associated with multiple aspects of tumor pathogenesis. For example, hypoxia induces resistance to conventional cancer therapies and inhibits antitumor immune responses. Thus, tar...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/5/1176 |
| _version_ | 1797475574614065152 |
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| author | Jang Hyun Park Heung Kyu Lee |
| author_facet | Jang Hyun Park Heung Kyu Lee |
| author_sort | Jang Hyun Park |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hypoxia is a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, and is associated with multiple aspects of tumor pathogenesis. For example, hypoxia induces resistance to conventional cancer therapies and inhibits antitumor immune responses. Thus, targeting hypoxia is an attractive strategy for GBM therapy. However, traditional studies on hypoxia have largely excluded the immune system. Recently, the critical role of the immune system in the defense against multiple tumors has become apparent, leading to the development of effective immunotherapies targeting numerous cancer types. Critically, however, GBM is classified as a “cold tumor” due to poor immune responses. Thus, to improve GBM responsiveness against immunotherapies, an improved understanding of both immune function in GBM and the role of hypoxia in mediating immune responses within the GBM microenvironment is needed. In this review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in GBM from a clinical, pathological, and immunological perspective. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:46:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d153edd637514fc3a01b19f967c7381d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:46:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-d153edd637514fc3a01b19f967c7381d2023-11-23T22:46:56ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942022-02-01145117610.3390/cancers14051176Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to ImmunotherapyJang Hyun Park0Heung Kyu Lee1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, KoreaGraduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, KoreaHypoxia is a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, and is associated with multiple aspects of tumor pathogenesis. For example, hypoxia induces resistance to conventional cancer therapies and inhibits antitumor immune responses. Thus, targeting hypoxia is an attractive strategy for GBM therapy. However, traditional studies on hypoxia have largely excluded the immune system. Recently, the critical role of the immune system in the defense against multiple tumors has become apparent, leading to the development of effective immunotherapies targeting numerous cancer types. Critically, however, GBM is classified as a “cold tumor” due to poor immune responses. Thus, to improve GBM responsiveness against immunotherapies, an improved understanding of both immune function in GBM and the role of hypoxia in mediating immune responses within the GBM microenvironment is needed. In this review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in GBM from a clinical, pathological, and immunological perspective.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/5/1176glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)hypoxiaantitumor immunityimmunotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Jang Hyun Park Heung Kyu Lee Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy Cancers glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) hypoxia antitumor immunity immunotherapy |
| title | Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy |
| title_full | Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy |
| title_fullStr | Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy |
| title_short | Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy |
| title_sort | current understanding of hypoxia in glioblastoma multiforme and its response to immunotherapy |
| topic | glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) hypoxia antitumor immunity immunotherapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/5/1176 |
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