Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin, with several acute, chronic, and cellular level toxic effects, produced by various fungi. A limit for PAT in food of has been set by authorities to guarantee food safety. Research on PAT in tea has been very limited although tea is the second largest beverage in the wor...
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| Materialtyp: | Artikel |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Serie: | Molecules |
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| Länkar: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/9/2852 |
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| author | Hai Li Candi Liu Shurong Luo Sijie Zhu Shan Tang Huimei Zeng Yu Qin Ming Ma Dong Zeng Teris A. van Beek Hui Wang Bo Chen |
| author_facet | Hai Li Candi Liu Shurong Luo Sijie Zhu Shan Tang Huimei Zeng Yu Qin Ming Ma Dong Zeng Teris A. van Beek Hui Wang Bo Chen |
| author_sort | Hai Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin, with several acute, chronic, and cellular level toxic effects, produced by various fungi. A limit for PAT in food of has been set by authorities to guarantee food safety. Research on PAT in tea has been very limited although tea is the second largest beverage in the world. In this paper, HPLC−DAD and GC−MS methods for analysis of PAT in different tea products, such as non-fermented (green tea), partially fermented (oolong tea, white tea, yellow tea), completely fermented (black tea), and post-fermented (dark tea and Pu-erh tea) teas were developed. The methods showed good selectivity with regard to tea pigments and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and a recovery of 90–102% for PAT at a 10–100 ppb spiking level. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in tea were 1.5 ng/g and 5.0 ng/g for HPLC−UV, and 0.25 ng/g and 0.83 ng/g for GC−MS. HPLC was simpler and more robust, while GC−MS showed higher sensitivity and selectivity. GC−MS was used to validate the HPLC−UV method and prove its accuracy. The PAT content of 219 Chinese tea samples was investigated. Most tea samples contained less than 10 ng/g, ten more than 10 ng/g and two more than 50 ng/g. The results imply that tea products in China are safe with regard to their PAT content. Even an extreme daily consumption of 25 g of the tea with the highest PAT content (124 ng/g), translates to an intake of only 3 μg/person/day, which is still an order of magnitude below the maximum allowed daily intake of 30 µg for an adult. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:54:05Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:54:05Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-d1d893b205cd495e9e319df8771109732023-11-23T08:50:38ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-04-01279285210.3390/molecules27092852Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human HealthHai Li0Candi Liu1Shurong Luo2Sijie Zhu3Shan Tang4Huimei Zeng5Yu Qin6Ming Ma7Dong Zeng8Teris A. van Beek9Hui Wang10Bo Chen11Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, ChinaLaboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The NetherlandsChangsha Institute for Food and Drug Control, National Quality Supervision and Inspection Center of Liquor Products (Hunan), Changsha 410013, ChinaKey Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaPatulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin, with several acute, chronic, and cellular level toxic effects, produced by various fungi. A limit for PAT in food of has been set by authorities to guarantee food safety. Research on PAT in tea has been very limited although tea is the second largest beverage in the world. In this paper, HPLC−DAD and GC−MS methods for analysis of PAT in different tea products, such as non-fermented (green tea), partially fermented (oolong tea, white tea, yellow tea), completely fermented (black tea), and post-fermented (dark tea and Pu-erh tea) teas were developed. The methods showed good selectivity with regard to tea pigments and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and a recovery of 90–102% for PAT at a 10–100 ppb spiking level. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in tea were 1.5 ng/g and 5.0 ng/g for HPLC−UV, and 0.25 ng/g and 0.83 ng/g for GC−MS. HPLC was simpler and more robust, while GC−MS showed higher sensitivity and selectivity. GC−MS was used to validate the HPLC−UV method and prove its accuracy. The PAT content of 219 Chinese tea samples was investigated. Most tea samples contained less than 10 ng/g, ten more than 10 ng/g and two more than 50 ng/g. The results imply that tea products in China are safe with regard to their PAT content. Even an extreme daily consumption of 25 g of the tea with the highest PAT content (124 ng/g), translates to an intake of only 3 μg/person/day, which is still an order of magnitude below the maximum allowed daily intake of 30 µg for an adult.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/9/2852patulinteaHPLC−DADGC−MSmycotoxin detection |
| spellingShingle | Hai Li Candi Liu Shurong Luo Sijie Zhu Shan Tang Huimei Zeng Yu Qin Ming Ma Dong Zeng Teris A. van Beek Hui Wang Bo Chen Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health Molecules patulin tea HPLC−DAD GC−MS mycotoxin detection |
| title | Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health |
| title_full | Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health |
| title_fullStr | Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health |
| title_short | Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health |
| title_sort | chromatographic determination of the mycotoxin patulin in 219 chinese tea samples and implications for human health |
| topic | patulin tea HPLC−DAD GC−MS mycotoxin detection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/9/2852 |
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