Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuel
In the current study, two agro-waste lignocellulosic corncob (CC) and rice husk (RH) were thermally torrefied at 200–300 °C into a porous carbon-enriched biofuel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of produced biofuel confirmed the rounded, homogenous, and spherical structure of the produced bio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323009302 |
| _version_ | 1797676714400153600 |
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| author | Hina Mukhtar Nehar Ullah Mohammad Younas Nadeem Feroze Najaf Ali Ali Fatehizadeh Mashallah Rezakazemi |
| author_facet | Hina Mukhtar Nehar Ullah Mohammad Younas Nadeem Feroze Najaf Ali Ali Fatehizadeh Mashallah Rezakazemi |
| author_sort | Hina Mukhtar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the current study, two agro-waste lignocellulosic corncob (CC) and rice husk (RH) were thermally torrefied at 200–300 °C into a porous carbon-enriched biofuel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of produced biofuel confirmed the rounded, homogenous, and spherical structure of the produced biofuels with higher porosity at a temperature between 250 and 300 °C with 60 min retention time. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis indicated the high surface area (CC: 1.19–2.87 m2 g−1 and RH: 1.22–2.67 m2 g−1) and pore volume (CC: 1.23–2.81 ×10−3 m3 g−1 and RH: 1.46–2.58 ×10−3 m3 g−1). Crystallinity index decline percent (CC= 62.87% and RH=57.10%) estimated thermal stability and rise in amorphous cellulose reformation during (250–300 °C)/60 min that would efficiently hydrolyze during oxidative pyrolysis carbon reactive sites the rise in surface area and total pore’s volume, having higher conversion rate as compared to raw materials. Carbon content was upgraded to 94% by eliminating hydrogen and oxygen from lignocellulosic agro-waste to produce energy-dense CC and RH. The lignin macromolecule transformation extent was estimated by O/C trend, which was equal to 63% and 47% for CC and RH, respectively, at 300 °C for 60 min. Due to low bulk density and pre-grinding energy requirements, torrefied biofuel with decomposed fibrous structure have lower transportation costs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:32:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d2e47feed7b34a16b914e79fd7157e8b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:32:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj.art-d2e47feed7b34a16b914e79fd7157e8b2023-09-23T05:09:59ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132023-10-01264115426Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuelHina Mukhtar0Nehar Ullah1Mohammad Younas2Nadeem Feroze3Najaf Ali4Ali Fatehizadeh5Mashallah Rezakazemi6Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research, 38090 Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Chemical and Industrial Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, 25120 Peshawar, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Chemical and Industrial Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, 25120 Peshawar, Pakistan; Corresponding authors.Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research, 38090 Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranFaculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran; Corresponding authors.In the current study, two agro-waste lignocellulosic corncob (CC) and rice husk (RH) were thermally torrefied at 200–300 °C into a porous carbon-enriched biofuel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of produced biofuel confirmed the rounded, homogenous, and spherical structure of the produced biofuels with higher porosity at a temperature between 250 and 300 °C with 60 min retention time. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis indicated the high surface area (CC: 1.19–2.87 m2 g−1 and RH: 1.22–2.67 m2 g−1) and pore volume (CC: 1.23–2.81 ×10−3 m3 g−1 and RH: 1.46–2.58 ×10−3 m3 g−1). Crystallinity index decline percent (CC= 62.87% and RH=57.10%) estimated thermal stability and rise in amorphous cellulose reformation during (250–300 °C)/60 min that would efficiently hydrolyze during oxidative pyrolysis carbon reactive sites the rise in surface area and total pore’s volume, having higher conversion rate as compared to raw materials. Carbon content was upgraded to 94% by eliminating hydrogen and oxygen from lignocellulosic agro-waste to produce energy-dense CC and RH. The lignin macromolecule transformation extent was estimated by O/C trend, which was equal to 63% and 47% for CC and RH, respectively, at 300 °C for 60 min. Due to low bulk density and pre-grinding energy requirements, torrefied biofuel with decomposed fibrous structure have lower transportation costs.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323009302TorrefactionAgro-wasteAromaticityLignin demethoxylationO/C ratio |
| spellingShingle | Hina Mukhtar Nehar Ullah Mohammad Younas Nadeem Feroze Najaf Ali Ali Fatehizadeh Mashallah Rezakazemi Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuel Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Torrefaction Agro-waste Aromaticity Lignin demethoxylation O/C ratio |
| title | Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuel |
| title_full | Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuel |
| title_fullStr | Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuel |
| title_short | Torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro-waste to porous carbon-based biofuel |
| title_sort | torrefaction interpretation through morphological and chemical transformations of agro waste to porous carbon based biofuel |
| topic | Torrefaction Agro-waste Aromaticity Lignin demethoxylation O/C ratio |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323009302 |
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