A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California
Sea level rise increases community risks from erosion, wave flooding, and tides. Current management typically protects existing development and infrastructure with coastal armoring. These practices ignore long-term impacts to public trust coastal recreation and natural ecosystems. This adaptation fr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1324 |
| _version_ | 1797534759128137728 |
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| author | David Revell Phil King Jeff Giliam Juliano Calil Sarah Jenkins Chris Helmer Jim Nakagawa Alex Snyder Joe Ellis Matt Jamieson |
| author_facet | David Revell Phil King Jeff Giliam Juliano Calil Sarah Jenkins Chris Helmer Jim Nakagawa Alex Snyder Joe Ellis Matt Jamieson |
| author_sort | David Revell |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sea level rise increases community risks from erosion, wave flooding, and tides. Current management typically protects existing development and infrastructure with coastal armoring. These practices ignore long-term impacts to public trust coastal recreation and natural ecosystems. This adaptation framework models physical responses to the public beach and private upland for each adaptation strategy over time, linking physical changes in widths to damages, economic costs, and benefits from beach recreation and nature using low-lying Imperial Beach, California, as a case study. Available coastal hazard models identified community vulnerabilities, and local risk communication engagement prioritized five adaptation approaches—armoring, nourishment, living shorelines, groins, and managed retreat. This framework innovates using replacement cost as a proxy for ecosystem services normally not valued and examines a managed retreat policy approach using a public buyout and rent-back option. Specific methods and economic values used in the analysis need more research and innovation, but the framework provides a scalable methodology to guide coastal adaptation planning everywhere. Case study results suggest that coastal armoring provides the least public benefits over time. Living shoreline approaches show greater public benefits, while managed retreat, implemented sooner, provides the best long-term adaptation strategy to protect community identity and public trust resources. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:34:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d487b559cbf34a50b109592ec79d79c6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:34:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-d487b559cbf34a50b109592ec79d79c62023-11-21T19:02:00ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-05-01139132410.3390/w13091324A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, CaliforniaDavid Revell0Phil King1Jeff Giliam2Juliano Calil3Sarah Jenkins4Chris Helmer5Jim Nakagawa6Alex Snyder7Joe Ellis8Matt Jamieson9Integral Consulting (Formerly Revell Coastal), Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USAEconomics Department, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USAEconomics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USAMiddlebury Institute of International Studies, Monterey, CA 93940, USAEconomics Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USACity of Imperial Beach, San Diego, CA 91932, USACity of Imperial Beach, San Diego, CA 91932, USAU.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USAMarathon Construction Corporation, Lakeside, CA 92040, USAIntegral Consulting, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USASea level rise increases community risks from erosion, wave flooding, and tides. Current management typically protects existing development and infrastructure with coastal armoring. These practices ignore long-term impacts to public trust coastal recreation and natural ecosystems. This adaptation framework models physical responses to the public beach and private upland for each adaptation strategy over time, linking physical changes in widths to damages, economic costs, and benefits from beach recreation and nature using low-lying Imperial Beach, California, as a case study. Available coastal hazard models identified community vulnerabilities, and local risk communication engagement prioritized five adaptation approaches—armoring, nourishment, living shorelines, groins, and managed retreat. This framework innovates using replacement cost as a proxy for ecosystem services normally not valued and examines a managed retreat policy approach using a public buyout and rent-back option. Specific methods and economic values used in the analysis need more research and innovation, but the framework provides a scalable methodology to guide coastal adaptation planning everywhere. Case study results suggest that coastal armoring provides the least public benefits over time. Living shoreline approaches show greater public benefits, while managed retreat, implemented sooner, provides the best long-term adaptation strategy to protect community identity and public trust resources.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1324sea level rise adaptationvulnerability assessmentadaptation planningcost–benefit analysispublic trustecological and recreation valuation |
| spellingShingle | David Revell Phil King Jeff Giliam Juliano Calil Sarah Jenkins Chris Helmer Jim Nakagawa Alex Snyder Joe Ellis Matt Jamieson A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California Water sea level rise adaptation vulnerability assessment adaptation planning cost–benefit analysis public trust ecological and recreation valuation |
| title | A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California |
| title_full | A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California |
| title_fullStr | A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California |
| title_short | A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California |
| title_sort | holistic framework for evaluating adaptation approaches to coastal hazards and sea level rise a case study from imperial beach california |
| topic | sea level rise adaptation vulnerability assessment adaptation planning cost–benefit analysis public trust ecological and recreation valuation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1324 |
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