Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soil
Abstract Background Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs) are used for sludge dewatering in municipal waste water treatment and might enter the environment by spreading of the sludge on agricultural land. Concern has been expressed since little is known about the degradation of PAMs in soils. To...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2018-05-01
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| Series: | Environmental Sciences Europe |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12302-018-0143-3 |
| _version_ | 1819022618639990784 |
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| author | Dieter Hennecke Angela Bauer Monika Herrchen Erik Wischerhoff Friedhelm Gores |
| author_facet | Dieter Hennecke Angela Bauer Monika Herrchen Erik Wischerhoff Friedhelm Gores |
| author_sort | Dieter Hennecke |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs) are used for sludge dewatering in municipal waste water treatment and might enter the environment by spreading of the sludge on agricultural land. Concern has been expressed since little is known about the degradation of PAMs in soils. To obtain detailed information on the polymer’s fate in the soil compartment, the degradation of 14C-radiolabelled PAM in an outdoor lysimeter was studied. Results No plant uptake and leaching of radioactivity was observed. There was practically no vertical movement of polymer and no transformation products found at the end of the study. For the top 10 cm soil layer, a mass balance was established throughout the study. About 10% of applied radioactivity was not extractable from soil even with a matrix destructive method, and this was concluded to be bound residue. Characterization of extractable radioactivity by means of GPC-analysis showed a significant decrease of the molecular weight of the PAM with time. The decrease in molecular weight indicates a breakdown of the polymer backbone (the C–C-chain), and is assumed to be primary degradation. The total radioactivity content in the 10 cm top soil layer was quantified every 6 months over a period of 3 years. The results show a significant decrease of the total radioactivity over time and this is defined as ultimate degradation following the definition of OECD and EPA. Based on the data, a half-life time of 2.0 × 103 days and a rate constant of 0.00035/day were calculated. With a χ 2 of 12.0 the results of the calculation are thus valid and reliable. The rate constant indicates a mineralization of 22.5% within a period of 2 years based on the total recovered radioactivity. This half-life time is solely based on mineralization and does not take into account the degradation of the polymer backbone, hydrolysis of the side chains, incorporation into the soil matrix, and thus is a conservative approach. Conclusions 14C-PAM degrades very slowly in soil after land-spreading as a component of sewage sludge. Even in a very conservative evaluation which only considered the loss of radioactivity, a half-life time of 5.4 years was determined. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:25:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d559604f21814e7299971389e9485059 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2190-4707 2190-4715 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T04:25:52Z |
| publishDate | 2018-05-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Sciences Europe |
| spelling | doaj.art-d559604f21814e7299971389e94850592022-12-21T19:16:03ZengSpringerOpenEnvironmental Sciences Europe2190-47072190-47152018-05-0130111310.1186/s12302-018-0143-3Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soilDieter Hennecke0Angela Bauer1Monika Herrchen2Erik Wischerhoff3Friedhelm Gores4Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied EcologyFraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied EcologyFraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied EcologyFraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAPPSS Polymer Standards Service GmbHAbstract Background Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs) are used for sludge dewatering in municipal waste water treatment and might enter the environment by spreading of the sludge on agricultural land. Concern has been expressed since little is known about the degradation of PAMs in soils. To obtain detailed information on the polymer’s fate in the soil compartment, the degradation of 14C-radiolabelled PAM in an outdoor lysimeter was studied. Results No plant uptake and leaching of radioactivity was observed. There was practically no vertical movement of polymer and no transformation products found at the end of the study. For the top 10 cm soil layer, a mass balance was established throughout the study. About 10% of applied radioactivity was not extractable from soil even with a matrix destructive method, and this was concluded to be bound residue. Characterization of extractable radioactivity by means of GPC-analysis showed a significant decrease of the molecular weight of the PAM with time. The decrease in molecular weight indicates a breakdown of the polymer backbone (the C–C-chain), and is assumed to be primary degradation. The total radioactivity content in the 10 cm top soil layer was quantified every 6 months over a period of 3 years. The results show a significant decrease of the total radioactivity over time and this is defined as ultimate degradation following the definition of OECD and EPA. Based on the data, a half-life time of 2.0 × 103 days and a rate constant of 0.00035/day were calculated. With a χ 2 of 12.0 the results of the calculation are thus valid and reliable. The rate constant indicates a mineralization of 22.5% within a period of 2 years based on the total recovered radioactivity. This half-life time is solely based on mineralization and does not take into account the degradation of the polymer backbone, hydrolysis of the side chains, incorporation into the soil matrix, and thus is a conservative approach. Conclusions 14C-PAM degrades very slowly in soil after land-spreading as a component of sewage sludge. Even in a very conservative evaluation which only considered the loss of radioactivity, a half-life time of 5.4 years was determined.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12302-018-0143-3TransformationSludge-amended soilOutdoor lysimeter study |
| spellingShingle | Dieter Hennecke Angela Bauer Monika Herrchen Erik Wischerhoff Friedhelm Gores Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soil Environmental Sciences Europe Transformation Sludge-amended soil Outdoor lysimeter study |
| title | Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soil |
| title_full | Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soil |
| title_fullStr | Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soil |
| title_short | Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs): environmental half life determination in sludge-treated soil |
| title_sort | cationic polyacrylamide copolymers pams environmental half life determination in sludge treated soil |
| topic | Transformation Sludge-amended soil Outdoor lysimeter study |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12302-018-0143-3 |
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