Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens

Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens

Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for reducing the transmission of these viruses. The present study investigated the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Sugandha Raj, Mohammadali Alizadeh, Bahram Shoojadoost, Douglas Hodgins, Éva Nagy, Samira Mubareka, Khalil Karimi, Shahriar Behboudi, Shayan Sharif
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-01-01
Series:Viruses
Subjects:
chicken
H9N2 AIV
TLR ligands
shedding
immune responses
cytokines
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/1/238

Internet

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/1/238

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