Local and systemic immune responses induced by intranasal immunization with biomineralized foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles
IntroductionFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infects the host by invading mucosal epithelial cells of the respiratory or digestive tract. Therefore, establishing a specific antiviral mucosal immune barrier can effectively block viral invasion.MethodsWe evaluated local mucosal and systemic immune...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-02-01
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Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112641/full |