Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification
Acid stratification is a common issue in lead-acid batteries. The density of the electrolyte rises from the top to the bottom and causes inhomogeneous current distribution over the electrodes. The consequences are unequal aging processes provoking earlier battery failure. In stationary applications...
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MDPI AG
2018-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/7/1018 |
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| author | Monika Kwiecien Moritz Huck Julia Badeda Caner Zorer Kuebra Komut Qianru Yu Dirk Uwe Sauer |
| author_facet | Monika Kwiecien Moritz Huck Julia Badeda Caner Zorer Kuebra Komut Qianru Yu Dirk Uwe Sauer |
| author_sort | Monika Kwiecien |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acid stratification is a common issue in lead-acid batteries. The density of the electrolyte rises from the top to the bottom and causes inhomogeneous current distribution over the electrodes. The consequences are unequal aging processes provoking earlier battery failure. In stationary applications electrolyte circulation pumps are sporadical installed in the battery to mix the acid. For automotive applications passive mixing systems are implemented by some battery manufacturers against stratification. Stratification does not show any distinct voltage-current profile to be recognizable online. However, it increases the voltage and affects the impedance, which both are essential information for diagnostic purpose. Impedance spectra were performed here on lead-acid test cells with adjusted stratification levels to analyze the influence on the impedance in details. It is observed, that the high-frequency impedance is decreased in the stratified cell and that in contrast to this the charge-transfer resistance is increased. Based on simulations with a spatially-resolved equivalent electrical circuit the increased charge-transfer resistance could be explained with an inhomogeneous State-of-Charge resulting in an accumulation of sulfate crystals in the bottom part of the electrodes. These sulfate crystals further affected recorded impedance spectra after the electrolyte was homogenized. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T03:03:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-df8709c073d54315a2f0b9df4b4402da |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T03:03:41Z |
| publishDate | 2018-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-df8709c073d54315a2f0b9df4b4402da2022-12-21T18:41:07ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172018-06-0187101810.3390/app8071018app8071018Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid StratificationMonika Kwiecien0Moritz Huck1Julia Badeda2Caner Zorer3Kuebra Komut4Qianru Yu5Dirk Uwe Sauer6Chair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstrasse 17-19, 52066 Aachen, GermanyChair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstrasse 17-19, 52066 Aachen, GermanyBatterieIngenieure GmbH, Huettenstraße 5, 52068 Aachen, GermanyChair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstrasse 17-19, 52066 Aachen, GermanyChair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstrasse 17-19, 52066 Aachen, GermanyChair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstrasse 17-19, 52066 Aachen, GermanyChair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstrasse 17-19, 52066 Aachen, GermanyAcid stratification is a common issue in lead-acid batteries. The density of the electrolyte rises from the top to the bottom and causes inhomogeneous current distribution over the electrodes. The consequences are unequal aging processes provoking earlier battery failure. In stationary applications electrolyte circulation pumps are sporadical installed in the battery to mix the acid. For automotive applications passive mixing systems are implemented by some battery manufacturers against stratification. Stratification does not show any distinct voltage-current profile to be recognizable online. However, it increases the voltage and affects the impedance, which both are essential information for diagnostic purpose. Impedance spectra were performed here on lead-acid test cells with adjusted stratification levels to analyze the influence on the impedance in details. It is observed, that the high-frequency impedance is decreased in the stratified cell and that in contrast to this the charge-transfer resistance is increased. Based on simulations with a spatially-resolved equivalent electrical circuit the increased charge-transfer resistance could be explained with an inhomogeneous State-of-Charge resulting in an accumulation of sulfate crystals in the bottom part of the electrodes. These sulfate crystals further affected recorded impedance spectra after the electrolyte was homogenized.http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/7/1018electro-chemical impedance spectroscopyEISstratificationlead-acid batterydiagnosticspatially-resolved modelingequivalent-electrical circuit |
| spellingShingle | Monika Kwiecien Moritz Huck Julia Badeda Caner Zorer Kuebra Komut Qianru Yu Dirk Uwe Sauer Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification Applied Sciences electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy EIS stratification lead-acid battery diagnostic spatially-resolved modeling equivalent-electrical circuit |
| title | Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification |
| title_full | Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification |
| title_fullStr | Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification |
| title_short | Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification |
| title_sort | variation of impedance in lead acid batteries in the presence of acid stratification |
| topic | electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy EIS stratification lead-acid battery diagnostic spatially-resolved modeling equivalent-electrical circuit |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/7/1018 |
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