Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles
ABSTRACTAlready in 2012, Blom et al. reported (Nature Materials 2012, 11, 882) in semiconducting polymers on a general electron-trap density of ≈3 × 1017 cm−3, centered at an energy of ≈3.6 eV below vacuum. It was suggested that traps have an extrinsic origin, with the water-oxygen complex [2(H2O)-O...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Science and Technology of Advanced Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/14686996.2024.2312148 |
| _version_ | 1797309569594032128 |
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| author | Mohammad Sedghi Camilla Vael Wei-Hsu Hu Michael Bauer Daniele Padula Alessandro Landi Mirko Lukovic Matthias Diethelm Gert-Jan Wetzelaer Paul W. M. Blom Frank Nüesch Roland Hany |
| author_facet | Mohammad Sedghi Camilla Vael Wei-Hsu Hu Michael Bauer Daniele Padula Alessandro Landi Mirko Lukovic Matthias Diethelm Gert-Jan Wetzelaer Paul W. M. Blom Frank Nüesch Roland Hany |
| author_sort | Mohammad Sedghi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACTAlready in 2012, Blom et al. reported (Nature Materials 2012, 11, 882) in semiconducting polymers on a general electron-trap density of ≈3 × 1017 cm−3, centered at an energy of ≈3.6 eV below vacuum. It was suggested that traps have an extrinsic origin, with the water-oxygen complex [2(H2O)-O2] as a possible candidate, based on its electron affinity. However, further evidence is lacking and the origin of universal electron traps remained elusive. Here, in polymer diodes, the temperature-dependence of reversible electron traps is investigated that develop under bias stress slowly over minutes to a density of 2 × 1017 cm−3, centered at an energy of 3.6 eV below vacuum. The trap build-up dynamics follows a 3rd-order kinetics, in line with that traps form via an encounter between three diffusing precursor particles. The accordance between universal and slowly evolving traps suggests that general electron traps in semiconducting polymers form via a triple-encounter process between oxygen and water molecules that form the suggested [2(H2O)-O2] complex as the trap origin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T01:29:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e0b26dbfc2d04c0fa688cbe616252d5c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1468-6996 1878-5514 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T01:29:16Z |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Science and Technology of Advanced Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-e0b26dbfc2d04c0fa688cbe616252d5c2024-02-14T13:55:40ZengTaylor & Francis GroupScience and Technology of Advanced Materials1468-69961878-55142024-12-0125110.1080/14686996.2024.2312148Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particlesMohammad Sedghi0Camilla Vael1Wei-Hsu Hu2Michael Bauer3Daniele Padula4Alessandro Landi5Mirko Lukovic6Matthias Diethelm7Gert-Jan Wetzelaer8Paul W. M. Blom9Frank Nüesch10Roland Hany11Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandInstitute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, SwitzerlandLaboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandLaboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimia e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Siena, ItalyDipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Salerno, ItalyCellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandLaboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, GermanyLaboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandLaboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandABSTRACTAlready in 2012, Blom et al. reported (Nature Materials 2012, 11, 882) in semiconducting polymers on a general electron-trap density of ≈3 × 1017 cm−3, centered at an energy of ≈3.6 eV below vacuum. It was suggested that traps have an extrinsic origin, with the water-oxygen complex [2(H2O)-O2] as a possible candidate, based on its electron affinity. However, further evidence is lacking and the origin of universal electron traps remained elusive. Here, in polymer diodes, the temperature-dependence of reversible electron traps is investigated that develop under bias stress slowly over minutes to a density of 2 × 1017 cm−3, centered at an energy of 3.6 eV below vacuum. The trap build-up dynamics follows a 3rd-order kinetics, in line with that traps form via an encounter between three diffusing precursor particles. The accordance between universal and slowly evolving traps suggests that general electron traps in semiconducting polymers form via a triple-encounter process between oxygen and water molecules that form the suggested [2(H2O)-O2] complex as the trap origin.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/14686996.2024.2312148Polymer light-emitting diodeselectron trapcharge trap dynamicsdevice physicssemiconducting polymer |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Sedghi Camilla Vael Wei-Hsu Hu Michael Bauer Daniele Padula Alessandro Landi Mirko Lukovic Matthias Diethelm Gert-Jan Wetzelaer Paul W. M. Blom Frank Nüesch Roland Hany Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Polymer light-emitting diodes electron trap charge trap dynamics device physics semiconducting polymer |
| title | Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles |
| title_full | Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles |
| title_fullStr | Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles |
| title_short | Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles |
| title_sort | formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple encounter between trap precursor particles |
| topic | Polymer light-emitting diodes electron trap charge trap dynamics device physics semiconducting polymer |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/14686996.2024.2312148 |
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