Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis
The acorn-fed Iberian pig is known worldwide due to the quality of the resulting products commercialized after a natural and free grazing period of fattening in the <i>dehesa</i> agroforestry ecosystem. The quality regulation of the pig breed reserves “acorn” denomination for only those...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/2/226 |
| _version_ | 1827629372235841536 |
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| author | Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández María José Cardador Rocío Ríos-Reina João Simões Lourdes Arce Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez |
| author_facet | Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández María José Cardador Rocío Ríos-Reina João Simões Lourdes Arce Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez |
| author_sort | Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The acorn-fed Iberian pig is known worldwide due to the quality of the resulting products commercialized after a natural and free grazing period of fattening in the <i>dehesa</i> agroforestry ecosystem. The quality regulation of the pig breed reserves “acorn” denomination for only those products obtained from animals exclusively fed grazing acorns and other natural resources; however, sometimes, feed supplementation of the pig’s diet is fraudulently employed to reach an earlier slaughtering weight and to increase pig stocking rate, a strategy called <i>postre</i> (meaning “feed supplement”). In this sense, although many studies focused on Iberian pig diet have been published, the field detection of feed use for acorn-fed pig during the last finishing stage foraging in the <i>dehesa</i>, a practice which clashes with the official regulation, has not been explored yet. The present study employs a volatilome analysis (gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry) of a non-invasive biological sample (faeces) to discriminate the grazing diet of only natural resources, that acorn-fed Iberian pigs are supposed to have, from those pigs that are also supplemented with feed. The results obtained show the suitability of the methodology used and the usefulness of the information obtained from faeces samples to discriminate and detect the fraudulent use of feed for acorn-fed Iberian pig fattening: a classification success ranging between 86.4% and 100% was obtained for the two chemometric approaches evaluated. These, together with the results of discriminant models, are discussed, in addition to the importance that the methodology optimized implies for the Iberian pig sector and market, which is also introduced. This methodology could be adapted to control organic farming animals or other upstanding livestock production systems which are supposed to be fully dependent on a natural grazing diet. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:49:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e1c24ac70ed64e5d9700f5f9a7fa6eaf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:49:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-e1c24ac70ed64e5d9700f5f9a7fa6eaf2023-11-30T20:52:58ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-01-0113222610.3390/ani13020226Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome AnalysisPablo Rodríguez-Hernández0María José Cardador1Rocío Ríos-Reina2João Simões3Lourdes Arce4Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez5Department of Animal Production, UIC ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, SpainÁrea de Nutrición y Bromatología, Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/P. García González n°2, 41012 Sevilla, SpainVeterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, SpainDepartment of Animal Production, UIC ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, SpainThe acorn-fed Iberian pig is known worldwide due to the quality of the resulting products commercialized after a natural and free grazing period of fattening in the <i>dehesa</i> agroforestry ecosystem. The quality regulation of the pig breed reserves “acorn” denomination for only those products obtained from animals exclusively fed grazing acorns and other natural resources; however, sometimes, feed supplementation of the pig’s diet is fraudulently employed to reach an earlier slaughtering weight and to increase pig stocking rate, a strategy called <i>postre</i> (meaning “feed supplement”). In this sense, although many studies focused on Iberian pig diet have been published, the field detection of feed use for acorn-fed pig during the last finishing stage foraging in the <i>dehesa</i>, a practice which clashes with the official regulation, has not been explored yet. The present study employs a volatilome analysis (gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry) of a non-invasive biological sample (faeces) to discriminate the grazing diet of only natural resources, that acorn-fed Iberian pigs are supposed to have, from those pigs that are also supplemented with feed. The results obtained show the suitability of the methodology used and the usefulness of the information obtained from faeces samples to discriminate and detect the fraudulent use of feed for acorn-fed Iberian pig fattening: a classification success ranging between 86.4% and 100% was obtained for the two chemometric approaches evaluated. These, together with the results of discriminant models, are discussed, in addition to the importance that the methodology optimized implies for the Iberian pig sector and market, which is also introduced. This methodology could be adapted to control organic farming animals or other upstanding livestock production systems which are supposed to be fully dependent on a natural grazing diet.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/2/226pasture-raisedfaecesvolatilomefeed supplementationgrazing diet |
| spellingShingle | Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández María José Cardador Rocío Ríos-Reina João Simões Lourdes Arce Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis Animals pasture-raised faeces volatilome feed supplementation grazing diet |
| title | Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis |
| title_full | Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis |
| title_short | Feed Supplementation Detection during the Last Productive Stage of the Acorn-Fed Iberian Pig through a Faecal Volatilome Analysis |
| title_sort | feed supplementation detection during the last productive stage of the acorn fed iberian pig through a faecal volatilome analysis |
| topic | pasture-raised faeces volatilome feed supplementation grazing diet |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/2/226 |
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