| Summary: | Dietary gluten present in wheat, rye and barley induces several gastrointestinal disorders, including celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). Celiac disease is an immune-based enteropathy triggered by ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Although gluten has been recognized as the main environmental trigger of the disease, a specific role for the intestinal microbiota in celiac disease development has been suggested.
NCGS individuals develop adverse reactions after the exposure to gluten. Due to the similarities in clinical outcomes and the absence of diagnostic biomarkers, it is challenging to differentiate NCGS from celiac disease. The aetiology of NCGS remains unknown, although the involvement of innate immune mechanisms has been suggested. Since the influence of intestinal microbiota on immune cell homeostasis and on education of both innate and adaptive immune system is well known, the role of host-microbe interactions in the non-celiac gluten sensitivity have been hypothesized.
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the contribution of microbiota to the pathogenesis and/or onset of celiac disease. In addition, a brief overview of the possible role of the microbiota components on the NCGS is presented.
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