Induction of multiple immune regulatory pathways with differential impact in HCV/HIV coinfection

Persistent viral infections including HCV, HBV and HIV are associated with increased immune regulatory pathways including the extrinsic FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and intrinsic inhibitory pathways such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) with potenti...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hyosun eCho, Masahiro eKikuchi, Yun eLi, Nobuhiro eNakamoto, Valerianna eAmorosa, Mary E Valiga, Kyong-Mi eChang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
Subjects:
Online Access:http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00265/full