Gauge matters: observing the vortex-nucleation transition in a Bose condensate
The order parameter of a quantum-coherent many-body system can include a phase degree of freedom, which, in the presence of an electromagnetic field, depends on the choice of gauge. Because of the relationship between the phase gradient and the velocity, time-of-flight measurements reveal this gradi...
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
IOP Publishing
2015-01-01
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Series: | New Journal of Physics |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/6/065016 |