Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions
The purpose of the research was to examine how the addition of dilute solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), or a combination of the two would impact the tear ferning (TF) patterns in artificial tears. Artificial tears (1 μL) were mixed with solutions (1–7 μL) of NaCl, KCl, o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Journal of King Saud University: Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364723003221 |
| _version_ | 1797653993597435904 |
|---|---|
| author | Essam S. Almutleb Basal H. Altoaimi Gamal A. El-Hiti Abdullah G. Alotaibi Mashaaer A. Baashen Saud A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali |
| author_facet | Essam S. Almutleb Basal H. Altoaimi Gamal A. El-Hiti Abdullah G. Alotaibi Mashaaer A. Baashen Saud A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali |
| author_sort | Essam S. Almutleb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The purpose of the research was to examine how the addition of dilute solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), or a combination of the two would impact the tear ferning (TF) patterns in artificial tears. Artificial tears (1 μL) were mixed with solutions (1–7 μL) of NaCl, KCl, or both (10–30 mg), prepared in double-distilled water (100 mL), to produce homogenous mixtures. A sample (1 μL) of each mixture was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 20 °C and with less than 20% humidity. The TF patterns were inspected using a light microscope, graded, and compared with the corresponding TF grades of pure artificial tears. Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.001) in the TF grades of the artificial tears were observed after the addition of solutions of NaCl and KCl or a mixture of both. The TF grades of the artificial tears decreased after adding different volumes and concentrations of electrolyte solutions. Generally, NaCl was more efficient than KCl in improving such grades. The TF grades of Blink Contact Soothing Eye Drops and Refresh Plus Tears were noticeably improved compared to the other grades. For example, Blink Contact Soothing Eye Drops' TF grade improved from 1.7 to 0.6 when 6 μL of NaCl solution (30 mg/100 mL water) was added to 1 μL of the eye drops. When a mixture of NaCl and KCl (1:2; 5–7 μL; 30 mg each in 100 mL water) was added, the TF grade improved to 0.5. In conclusion, the TF test evaluated the effect of adding dilute electrolyte solutions to artificial tears in vitro. Adding dilute solutions of NaCl and KCl, or a mixture of both, significantly improved the TF grades of artificial tears. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T16:52:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f68a5f7576db4b99b4f2896aaa3cfd98 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1018-3647 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T16:52:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of King Saud University: Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-f68a5f7576db4b99b4f2896aaa3cfd982023-10-21T04:22:07ZengElsevierJournal of King Saud University: Science1018-36472023-11-01358102860Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutionsEssam S. Almutleb0Basal H. Altoaimi1Gamal A. El-Hiti2Abdullah G. Alotaibi3Mashaaer A. Baashen4Saud A. Alanazi5Ali M. Masmali6Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorresponding author at: Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaThe purpose of the research was to examine how the addition of dilute solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), or a combination of the two would impact the tear ferning (TF) patterns in artificial tears. Artificial tears (1 μL) were mixed with solutions (1–7 μL) of NaCl, KCl, or both (10–30 mg), prepared in double-distilled water (100 mL), to produce homogenous mixtures. A sample (1 μL) of each mixture was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 20 °C and with less than 20% humidity. The TF patterns were inspected using a light microscope, graded, and compared with the corresponding TF grades of pure artificial tears. Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.001) in the TF grades of the artificial tears were observed after the addition of solutions of NaCl and KCl or a mixture of both. The TF grades of the artificial tears decreased after adding different volumes and concentrations of electrolyte solutions. Generally, NaCl was more efficient than KCl in improving such grades. The TF grades of Blink Contact Soothing Eye Drops and Refresh Plus Tears were noticeably improved compared to the other grades. For example, Blink Contact Soothing Eye Drops' TF grade improved from 1.7 to 0.6 when 6 μL of NaCl solution (30 mg/100 mL water) was added to 1 μL of the eye drops. When a mixture of NaCl and KCl (1:2; 5–7 μL; 30 mg each in 100 mL water) was added, the TF grade improved to 0.5. In conclusion, the TF test evaluated the effect of adding dilute electrolyte solutions to artificial tears in vitro. Adding dilute solutions of NaCl and KCl, or a mixture of both, significantly improved the TF grades of artificial tears.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364723003221Artificial tearsTear ferning gradesMonovalent electrolytesSodium and potassium chloridesIn vitro tear ferning test |
| spellingShingle | Essam S. Almutleb Basal H. Altoaimi Gamal A. El-Hiti Abdullah G. Alotaibi Mashaaer A. Baashen Saud A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions Journal of King Saud University: Science Artificial tears Tear ferning grades Monovalent electrolytes Sodium and potassium chlorides In vitro tear ferning test |
| title | Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions |
| title_full | Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions |
| title_fullStr | Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions |
| title_short | Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions |
| title_sort | improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions |
| topic | Artificial tears Tear ferning grades Monovalent electrolytes Sodium and potassium chlorides In vitro tear ferning test |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364723003221 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT essamsalmutleb improvementoftearferningpatternsofartificialtearsusingdiluteelectrolytesolutions AT basalhaltoaimi improvementoftearferningpatternsofartificialtearsusingdiluteelectrolytesolutions AT gamalaelhiti improvementoftearferningpatternsofartificialtearsusingdiluteelectrolytesolutions AT abdullahgalotaibi improvementoftearferningpatternsofartificialtearsusingdiluteelectrolytesolutions AT mashaaerabaashen improvementoftearferningpatternsofartificialtearsusingdiluteelectrolytesolutions AT saudaalanazi improvementoftearferningpatternsofartificialtearsusingdiluteelectrolytesolutions AT alimmasmali improvementoftearferningpatternsofartificialtearsusingdiluteelectrolytesolutions |