Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum
Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) is an important crop in Argentina. <i>Aspergillus</i> section <i>Flavi</i> can infect this crop at the pre-harvest stage, and the harvested grains can be contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). During the production of bioethanol from maize,...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/1/27 |
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| author | Marianela Bossa María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon Noelia Edith Monesterolo María del Pilar Monge Yamila Milagros Coria Sofía Noemí Chulze María Laura Chiotta |
| author_facet | Marianela Bossa María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon Noelia Edith Monesterolo María del Pilar Monge Yamila Milagros Coria Sofía Noemí Chulze María Laura Chiotta |
| author_sort | Marianela Bossa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) is an important crop in Argentina. <i>Aspergillus</i> section <i>Flavi</i> can infect this crop at the pre-harvest stage, and the harvested grains can be contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). During the production of bioethanol from maize, AF levels can increase up to three times in the final co-products, known as, dry and wet distiller’s grain with solubles (DDGS and WDGS), intended for animal feed. Fungal enzymes like laccases can be a useful tool for reducing AF contamination in the co-products obtained from this process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of laccase enzymes included in enzymatic extracts (EE) produced by different species in the Basidiomycota phylum to reduce AF (AFB<sub>1</sub> and AFB<sub>2</sub>) accumulation under the conditions of in vitro assays. Four laccase activities (5, 10, 15, and 20 U/mL) exerted by nine isolates were evaluated in the absence and presence of vanillic acid (VA), serving as a laccase redox mediator for the degradation of total AFs. The enzymatic stability in maize steep liquor (MSL) was confirmed after a 60 h incubation period. The most effective EE in terms of reducing AF content in the buffer was selected for an additional assay carried out under the same conditions using maize steep liquor obtained after the saccharification stage during the bioethanol production process. The highest degradation percentages were observed at 20 U/mL of laccase enzymatic activity and 1 mM of VA, corresponding to 26% for AFB<sub>1</sub> and 26.6% for AFB<sub>2.</sub> The present study provides valuable data for the development of an efficient tool based on fungal laccases for preventing AF accumulation in the co-products of bioethanol produced from maize used for animal feed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:58Z |
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| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:58Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f7cae4a4c1f8416b9befed499af6d2df2024-01-26T18:42:25ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512024-01-011612710.3390/toxins16010027Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota PhylumMarianela Bossa0María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon1Noelia Edith Monesterolo2María del Pilar Monge3Yamila Milagros Coria4Sofía Noemí Chulze5María Laura Chiotta6Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y de la Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, ArgentinaMaize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) is an important crop in Argentina. <i>Aspergillus</i> section <i>Flavi</i> can infect this crop at the pre-harvest stage, and the harvested grains can be contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). During the production of bioethanol from maize, AF levels can increase up to three times in the final co-products, known as, dry and wet distiller’s grain with solubles (DDGS and WDGS), intended for animal feed. Fungal enzymes like laccases can be a useful tool for reducing AF contamination in the co-products obtained from this process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of laccase enzymes included in enzymatic extracts (EE) produced by different species in the Basidiomycota phylum to reduce AF (AFB<sub>1</sub> and AFB<sub>2</sub>) accumulation under the conditions of in vitro assays. Four laccase activities (5, 10, 15, and 20 U/mL) exerted by nine isolates were evaluated in the absence and presence of vanillic acid (VA), serving as a laccase redox mediator for the degradation of total AFs. The enzymatic stability in maize steep liquor (MSL) was confirmed after a 60 h incubation period. The most effective EE in terms of reducing AF content in the buffer was selected for an additional assay carried out under the same conditions using maize steep liquor obtained after the saccharification stage during the bioethanol production process. The highest degradation percentages were observed at 20 U/mL of laccase enzymatic activity and 1 mM of VA, corresponding to 26% for AFB<sub>1</sub> and 26.6% for AFB<sub>2.</sub> The present study provides valuable data for the development of an efficient tool based on fungal laccases for preventing AF accumulation in the co-products of bioethanol produced from maize used for animal feed.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/1/27aflatoxinsmaizebioethanol co-productslaccasesdecontamination |
| spellingShingle | Marianela Bossa María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon Noelia Edith Monesterolo María del Pilar Monge Yamila Milagros Coria Sofía Noemí Chulze María Laura Chiotta Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum Toxins aflatoxins maize bioethanol co-products laccases decontamination |
| title | Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum |
| title_full | Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum |
| title_fullStr | Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum |
| title_short | Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum |
| title_sort | aflatoxin decontamination in maize steep liquor obtained from bioethanol production using laccases from species within the basidiomycota phylum |
| topic | aflatoxins maize bioethanol co-products laccases decontamination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/1/27 |
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