Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages
Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensiv...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3182 |
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| author | Mohamed H. Houta Kareem E. Hassan Matteo Legnardi Claudia M. Tucciarone Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim Mattia Cecchinato Azza A. El-Sawah Ahmed Ali Giovanni Franzo |
| author_facet | Mohamed H. Houta Kareem E. Hassan Matteo Legnardi Claudia M. Tucciarone Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim Mattia Cecchinato Azza A. El-Sawah Ahmed Ali Giovanni Franzo |
| author_sort | Mohamed H. Houta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:46:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fa246b1444534326b4d03c54a126f1d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:46:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-fa246b1444534326b4d03c54a126f1d52023-11-22T22:06:40ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-11-011111318210.3390/ani11113182Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries LinkagesMohamed H. Houta0Kareem E. Hassan1Matteo Legnardi2Claudia M. Tucciarone3Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim4Mattia Cecchinato5Azza A. El-Sawah6Ahmed Ali7Giovanni Franzo8Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, EgyptPoultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, EgyptDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyMicrobiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyPoultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, EgyptPoultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, EgyptDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyInfectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3182infectious bronchitisIBVGI-23evolutionepidemiologyphylodynamic |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed H. Houta Kareem E. Hassan Matteo Legnardi Claudia M. Tucciarone Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim Mattia Cecchinato Azza A. El-Sawah Ahmed Ali Giovanni Franzo Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages Animals infectious bronchitis IBV GI-23 evolution epidemiology phylodynamic |
| title | Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages |
| title_full | Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages |
| title_fullStr | Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages |
| title_short | Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages |
| title_sort | phylodynamic and recombination analyses of avian infectious bronchitis gi 23 reveal a widespread recombinant cluster and new among countries linkages |
| topic | infectious bronchitis IBV GI-23 evolution epidemiology phylodynamic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3182 |
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