The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass
Black mass is the industry term applied to end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries that have been mechanically processed for potential use as a recycled material to recover the valuable metals present, including cobalt, lithium, manganese, nickel and copper. A significant challenge to the effective...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Recycling |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/8/4/59 |
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| author | Laurance Donnelly Duncan Pirrie Matthew Power Ian Corfe Jukka Kuva Sari Lukkari Yann Lahaye Xuan Liu Quentin Dehaine Ester M. Jolis Alan Butcher |
| author_facet | Laurance Donnelly Duncan Pirrie Matthew Power Ian Corfe Jukka Kuva Sari Lukkari Yann Lahaye Xuan Liu Quentin Dehaine Ester M. Jolis Alan Butcher |
| author_sort | Laurance Donnelly |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Black mass is the industry term applied to end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries that have been mechanically processed for potential use as a recycled material to recover the valuable metals present, including cobalt, lithium, manganese, nickel and copper. A significant challenge to the effective processing of black mass is the complexity of the feed material. Two samples of black mass from a European source were analysed using a combination of methods including automated SEM-EDS (AMICS) to characterise and quantify the phases present and particle chemistry. Micro X-CT imaging, overlain onto automated mineralogy images, enabled the 3D morphology of the particles to be determined. Micro-XRF was used to map the copper, nickel, manganese and cobalt-bearing phases. Since Li cannot be detected using SEM-EDS, its abundance was semi-quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The integration of these complimentary analytical methods allowed for detailed phase characterisation, which may guide the potential hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical recycling routes and chemical assaying. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:38:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fd9e57e2337741af911e0aa990b73df7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2313-4321 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:38:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Recycling |
| spelling | doaj.art-fd9e57e2337741af911e0aa990b73df72023-11-19T02:50:01ZengMDPI AGRecycling2313-43212023-07-01845910.3390/recycling8040059The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black MassLaurance Donnelly0Duncan Pirrie1Matthew Power2Ian Corfe3Jukka Kuva4Sari Lukkari5Yann Lahaye6Xuan Liu7Quentin Dehaine8Ester M. Jolis9Alan Butcher10Alfred H Knight International, Kings Business Park, Kings Drive, Prescot L34 1J, UKFaculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 4AD, UKVidence Inc., 213L 4288 Lozells Avenue, Burnaby, BC V5A 0C7, CanadaGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandGeological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, FinlandBlack mass is the industry term applied to end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries that have been mechanically processed for potential use as a recycled material to recover the valuable metals present, including cobalt, lithium, manganese, nickel and copper. A significant challenge to the effective processing of black mass is the complexity of the feed material. Two samples of black mass from a European source were analysed using a combination of methods including automated SEM-EDS (AMICS) to characterise and quantify the phases present and particle chemistry. Micro X-CT imaging, overlain onto automated mineralogy images, enabled the 3D morphology of the particles to be determined. Micro-XRF was used to map the copper, nickel, manganese and cobalt-bearing phases. Since Li cannot be detected using SEM-EDS, its abundance was semi-quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The integration of these complimentary analytical methods allowed for detailed phase characterisation, which may guide the potential hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical recycling routes and chemical assaying.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/8/4/59black masslithium-ion batteriesEoL batteriessamplingautomated mineralogySEM-EDS |
| spellingShingle | Laurance Donnelly Duncan Pirrie Matthew Power Ian Corfe Jukka Kuva Sari Lukkari Yann Lahaye Xuan Liu Quentin Dehaine Ester M. Jolis Alan Butcher The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass Recycling black mass lithium-ion batteries EoL batteries sampling automated mineralogy SEM-EDS |
| title | The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass |
| title_full | The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass |
| title_fullStr | The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass |
| title_short | The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass |
| title_sort | recycling of end of life lithium ion batteries and the phase characterisation of black mass |
| topic | black mass lithium-ion batteries EoL batteries sampling automated mineralogy SEM-EDS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/8/4/59 |
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