Femtosecond near-infrared lasers as a novel tool for non-invasive real-time high-resolution time-lapse imaging of chloroplast division in living bundle sheath cells of Arabidopsis.

Non-linear excitation of fluorophores by contemporaneous absorption of two or more near-infrared (NIR) photons following diffraction-limited focusing with high-numerical-aperture objectives circumvents out-of-focus fluorescence (without a confocal pinhole) and spatially limits photobleaching and pho...