The causal effect of cigarette smoking on healthcare costs

Knowledge of the impact of smoking on healthcare costs is important for establishing the external effects of smoking and for evaluating policies intended to modify this behavior. Conventional analysis of this association is difficult because of omitted variable bias, reverse causality, and measureme...

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Váldodahkkit: Dixon, PC, Sallis, H, Munafo, M, Smith, GD, Howe, L
Materiálatiipa: Internet publication
Giella:English
Almmustuhtton: medRxiv 2022