Western Images of Meccan Pilgrims in the Dutch East Indies, 1800-1900
This paper examines Western images of returned Meccan pilgrims (hajjis) in the nineteenth century Dutch East Indies. I argue that the persistent presence of various Western literary works that promoted stereotypical images of the hajjis in the 19th century reflects a dominant discourse, which ass...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2005
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| Online Access: | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/1062/1/Western_Images_of_Meccan_Pilgrims_in_the.pdf |