The triple alliance: how a plant-ant, living in an ant-plant, acquires the third partner, a scale insect
Mutualistic associations between ants and plants often involve a third partner, scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). In southeast Asia, plant-ants of the genus Cladomyrma live together with coccoids in hollowed twigs of a wide range of ant-plants (myrmecophytes). Established colonies never lack sap...
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| Format: | Article |
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2005
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